tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42378458764816239682024-03-13T15:04:56.770-07:00BuanaFandria Rexa Buanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01981713111283589087noreply@blogger.comBlogger10125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4237845876481623968.post-77619020263055924722016-10-31T03:02:00.004-07:002016-10-31T03:02:26.896-07:00MAKALAH PANCASILA KEDUDUKAN PANCASILA dalam SISTEM EMPAT PILAR KEBANGSAAN<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">MAKALAH
PANCASILA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">KEDUDUKAN
PANCASILA dalam SISTEM EMPAT PILAR KEBANGSAAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">DISUSUN OLEH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">FANDRIA REXA
BUANA (161111040)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">TEKNIK LINGKUNGAN
2016<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">INSTITUT SAINS
dan TEKNOLOGI AKPRIND<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Kata
Pengantar<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Puji syukur atas
rahmat Allah SWT atas rahmat dan hidayahnya sehingga saya dapat menyelesaikan
makalah yang berjudul “ Kedudukan Pancasila dalam Istilah Empat Pilar
Kebangsaan “ untuk memenuhi mata kuliah Pancasila yang di ampu oleh Drs. Syukri
Abdullah, M.Hum dengan tepat waktu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Terima
kasih untuk semua yang pernah memberikan saran tentang makalah ini sehingga
saya dapat menyelesaikannya tepat waktu dan mohon maaf apabila terdapat
kesalahan dalam pengetikan, pengejaan kata, atau isi yang kurang berkenan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Semoga
makalah ini dapat bermanfaat bagi siapapun yang membacanya. Terima Kasih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Bantul, Oktober 2016<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Penyusun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Fandria Rexa Buana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Zaman sudah berubah, banyaknya pengaruh arus
globalisasi yang kuat menuntut kita untuk mendapatkan format yang lebih ideal
dan mudah dicerna tentang faham berbangsa dan bernegara untuk sekedar merefres
/ menyegarkan ingatan kita. Syukur-syukur setelah mendapatkan format
informasi ideal yang kita harapkan pada
akhirnya kita punya kemauan untuk mentransfer pengetahuan kita untuk kebaikan
kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara kita sebagai warga negara suatu bangsa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Perkembangan terakhir kondisi kehidupan
berbangsa dan bernegara kita saat ini sangat memilukan dan memprihatinkan,
banyak terjadi kekacauan, kerusuhan antar kelompok agama, kelompok masyarakat,
antar pelajar, demonstrasi mahasiswa di luar toleransi atau sudah menjurus
anarkisme bahkan kriminalitas. Aspirasi yang mereka bawa dalam tuntutan
demontrasi tidak murni lagi, mudah dihasut oleh orang atau kelompok yang tidak bertanggungjawab
demi kepentingan orang atau kelompok tersebut, hal itu salah satu sebabnya
kurangnya pengetahuan, pemahaman mereka para generasi muda, atau para pemuda
harapan bangsa terhadap makna Pancasila, UUD 1945, NKRI dan Bhineka tunggal
Ika, serta kurangnya pemahaman mereka terhadap nilai-nilai persatuan, kurang
mewarisi semangat perjuangan, pudarnya rasa nasionalisme, maupun rasa
patriotisme serta hilangnya rasa cinta terhadap tanah air, bangsa, dan Negara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Semua fenomena negatif yang selama ini kita
lihat dan rasakan harus diakhiri dengan membangkitkan semangat, pengetahuan
kita mengenai pentingnya empat pilar kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara sebab
dengan adanya sosialisasi dari MPR RI kita mendapat pengetahuan sebagai bekal
kedepan dalam mendampingi dan mengisi kemerdekaan serta mempertahankan NKRI
ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Revitalisasi, reaktualisasi dan transformasi
nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam 4 pilar kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara
(Pancasila sebagai dasar negara, falsafah dan pandangan hidup bangsa ; UUD Negara
Republik Indonesia Tahun. 1945 sebagai landasan kostitusional dalam bernegara ;
NKRI sebagai konsensus yang harus dijaga keutuhannya ; Bhineka Tunggal Ika
sebagai semangat untuk memperkuat persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa, harus
senantiasa kita lakukan meskipun kita memiliki berbagai perbedaan).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Bung Karno pernah menyatakan, arus sejarah
memperlihatkan dengan nyata bahwa semua bangsa memerlukan suatu konsepsi dan
cita-cita. ”Jika mereka tidak memilikinya atau jika konsepsi dan cita-cita
menjadi kabur dan usang, bangsa itu berada dalam keadaan yang berbahaya,”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Maka melalui reformating dan refresing 4 pilar
tersebut kita diingatkan dan ditumbuhkan tentang cita-cita luhur para pendahulu
kita, tentang konsepsi pendirian negara kita, bahwa kita adalah bangsa yang
besar dengan berbagai perbedaan, keberagaman yang harus disyukuri dan diikat
dengan nilai-nilai 4 pilar yang telah diwariskan oleh para pendahulu kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Namun istilah empat
pilar kebangsaan di perdebatkan karena banyak terjadi pertentangan tentang kedudukan
Pancasila dalam sistem ini tidak lama setelah istilah ini muncul dan di mulai
sosialisasinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Rumusan Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Apa
itu empat pilar kebangsaan ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Apa
saja yang termasuk ke dalam empat pilar
kebangsaan ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Bagaimana
kedudukan pancasila dalam sistem ini ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">III.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Tujuan Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Untuk
mengetahui arti dari empat pilar kebangsaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Untuk
mengetahui macam-macam pilar kebangsaan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Untuk
mengetahui kedudukan pancasila dalam sistem ini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Bab
II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Asal
Empat Pilar Kebangsaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #2c3e50; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maret 2013 Ketua MPR RI Taufiq Kiemas mewakili
lembaga pelosok yang dipimpinnya, memperoleh gelar kehormatan doctor honoris
apertura (H. C) dari Universitas Trisakti atas jasanya sudah melahirkan gagasan
sosialisasi 4 pilar kebangsaan Indonesia, seperti:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Isi Empat Pilar
Kebangsaan</span></b><b><span style="color: #2c3e50; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #2c3e50; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pilar
Pancasila<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #2c3e50; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pilar mulailah bagi
tegak kokoh berdirinya negara-bangsa Indonesia adalah Pancasila. Timbul
pertanyaan, mengapa Pancasila diangkat sebagai pilar bangsa Indonesia. Perlu
dasar pemikiran yang kuat dan meraih dipertanggung jawabkan sehingga meraih
diterima oleh seluruh warga bangsa, mengapa bangsa Dalam negri menetapkan
Pancasila sebagai base kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara. Berikut alasannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2c3e50; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pilar / tiang
penyangga suatu bangunan harus memenuhi syarat, seperti disamping kokoh dan
mantap, juga harus sesuai dengan bangunan yang disangganya. Devocionario
bangunan rumah, tiang yang diperlukan disesuaikan dengan macam dan kondisi
bangunan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2c3e50; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bilamana bangunan
tersebut sederhana gak memerlukan tiang yang terlampau kuat, tetapi bila
bangunan tersebut merupakan bangunan permanen, konkrit, yang menggunakan
bahan-bahan yang berat, maka asas penyangga harus disesuaikan dengan kondisi
bangunan dimaksud. Demikian pula halnya dengan base atau tiang penyangga
salahsatu negara-bangsa, harus sesuai dengan kondisi negara-bangsa yang
disangganya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2c3e50; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kita menyadari bahwa
negara-bangsa Indonesia adalah negara yang besar, wilayahnya cukup besar seluas
daratan Eropah yang terdiri atas berpuluh pelosok, membentang dari barat ke
timur dari Sabang hingga Merauke, dari utara ke selatan dari pulau Miangas
sampai pulau Rote, meliputi ribuan kilometer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2c3e50; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indonesia yaitu negara
kepulauan terbesar pada dunia yang memiliki 19 000 pulau lebih, terdiri atas
berbagai suku bangsa yang beraneka adat serta budaya, serta memeluk seluruh
agama dan keyakinan, lalu belief system yang dibuat pilar harus sesuai dengan
kondisi negara bangsa ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #2c3e50; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pilar
Undang-Undang Dasar 1945</span></b><span style="color: #2c3e50; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2c3e50; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pilar kedua kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara bagi bangsa
Indonesia adalah Undang-Undang Basis 1945. Dalam rangka memahami dan mendalami
UUD 1945, diperlukan memahami lebih dulu makna undang-undang dasar teruntuk
kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara dan prinsip-prinsip yang terkandung dalam
Pembukaan UUD 1945.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2c3e50; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanpa memahami prinsip yang terkandung dalam Pembukaan ini tidak
mungkin mengadakan evaluasi terhadap pasal-pasal yang memiliki dalam batang
tubuhnya serta barbagai undang-undang yang akhirnya menjadi derivatnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #2c3e50; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pilar
Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia</span></b><span style="color: #2c3e50; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2c3e50; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebelum kindertagesstätte bahas mengenai Negara Kesatuan
Republik Indonesia ada baiknya bila kita fahami jauh dahulu berbagai bentuk
Pelosok yang terdapat di negara, apa kelebihan dan kekurangannya, untuk
selanjutnya kita fahami mengapa para founding daddies negara ini memilih negeri
kesatuan.Bentuk Negara contohnya konfederasi, federasi dan kesatuan, menurut
Carl J. Friedrich, merupakan bentuk pembagian kekuasaan secara teritorial atau
local division oif power. Beserta penjelasan mengenai bentuk-mentuk Pelosok
tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #2c3e50; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pilar
Bhinneka Tunggal Ika</span></b><span style="color: #2c3e50; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2c3e50; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sesanti atau semboyan
Bhinneka Tunggal Ika diungkapkan pertama kali oleh mPu Tantular, pujangga agung
kerajaan Majapahit yang hidup dalam masa pemerintahan Raja Hayamwuruk, di abad
ke empatbelas (1350-1389). Sesanti tersebut memiliki dalam karyanya, kakawin
Sutasoma yang berbunyi “Bhinna ika tunggal ika, tan hana dharma mangrwa, ” yang
artinya “Berbeda-beda itu, 1 itu, tak ada pengabdian yang mendua. “<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2c3e50; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semboyan yang kemudian
dijadikan prinsip dalam kehidupan dalam pemerintahan kerajaan Majapahit itu
bagi mengantisipasi adanya keaneka-ragaman petunjuk yang dipeluk oleh kaum
Majapahit pada waktu tersebut. Meskipun mereka berbeda petunjuk tetapi mereka
tetap 1 dalam pengabdian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Kedudukan
Pancasila di dalam Sistem ini<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Kedudukan pancasila dalam sistem ini
secara sudut pandang anggota MPR telah di sebutkan di atas semnetara menurut
para budayawan, dosen, mahasiswa dan cendekiawan banyak tokoh yang menentang
konsep ini karena menurut mereka sistem atau istilah empat pilar kebangsaan ini
justru melemahkan kedudukan pancasila dan dapat menenggelamkan makna pancasila
sebagai dasar Negara dalam menjalani kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara. Seperti
yang disampaikan oleh</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> kuasa hukum Masyarakat Pengawal Pancasila Jogya, Solo, dan
Semarang (MPP Joglosemar) selaku pemohon, TM Lutfi Yazid mengaku tidak
anti sosialisasi dan internalisasi Pancasila. Namun, jika MPR menilai ada
kesalapahaman dari para pemohon terlalu naif. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“MPR juga mengatakan yang dimaksud pilar itu bukan tiang, tetapi
dasar. Itu kan pemahaman MPR, tetapi tidak ada yang bisa menjamin masyarakat
bahwa itu juga dasar karena UU menyebut pilar, bukan dasar. Sementara dalam UUD
1945 disebut ‘berdasar’ Pancasila, bukan ‘berpilar’ Pancasila,” dalihnya.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dia mencontohkan ketika Pamong Desa disuruh para pemohon
memasang Pancasila sebagai dasar negara, pamong desa menolak dengan mengatakan
‘Jangan Pak, kami takut, kami tahunya ini pilar negara bukan dasar’. “Itu kan menjadi
kerugian konstitusional. Kami pemohon ada yang berprofesi dosen, wartawan,
mahasiswa. Kalau mahasiswa bikin tulisan atau tesis, Pancasila sebagai dasar
atau pilar. Ini membingungkan mahasiswa, seolah bangsa ini telah membuat
rekonstruksi sejarah.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Saya kira mereka <i>ngeles</i> saja, padahal mereka
sudah melakukan kesalahan, referensinya hanya kamus. Tetapi, referensi kami
sebagai pemohon nyawa pendiri bangsa, darah, air mata. Jadi tidak ada itu empat
pilar itu.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ini menanggapi tanggapan MPR yakni MPR menegaskan empat pilar
kebangsaan sebagai hal sangat mendasar dan esensial kehidupan berbangsa dan
bernegara. Keempat pilar itu tidak digeneralisir memiliki kesamaan kedudukan,
tetapi eksplisit sesuai dengan kedudukannya masing-masing. Misalnya, Pancasila
sebagai dasar/ideologi negara, UUD 1945 sebagai konstitusi, NKRI sebagai bentuk
negara, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika sebagai semangat pemersatu bangsa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Jadi, keberadaan pilar kebangsaan tidak mereduksi (mengubah)
kedudukan Pancasila sebagai dasar/ideologi negara,” kata Wakil Ketua MPR,
Lukman Hakim Saifuddin saat memberi keterangan dalam sidang lanjutan pengujian
Pasal 34 ayat (3b) </span><a href="http://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4dd5e1856ae01/nprt/lt4d50fbec8b2ce/uu-no-2-tahun-2011-perubahan-atas-undang-undang-nomor-2-tahun-2008-tentang-partai-politik"><span style="color: #01488c; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UU No 2 Tahun 2011</span></a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tentang tentang
Perubahan atas </span><a href="http://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/27406/nprt/1011/uu-no-2-tahun-2008-partai-politik"><span style="color: #01488c; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UU No 2 Tahun 2008</span></a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tentang Partai
Politik (UU Parpol) di ruang sidang utama MK, Senin (17/2/15).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syaifuddin menegaskan istilah “pilar” dalam empat pilar
kebangsaan dimaknai sebagai hal pokok, mendasar, dan esesial yang memiliki
sifat dinamis. “Jadi sama sekali tidak menyamakan kedudukan Pancasila dengan
pilar-pilar lain, apalagi mereduksi kedudukan Pancasila sebagai dasar negara
yang dijamin dalam Pembukaan UUD 1945,” tegasnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari sisi bahasa pun, kata Lukman, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia
(KBBI) dan penjelasan resmi Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa Kemendikbud
mengartikan istilah pilar sebagai “dasar atau yang pokok”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurutnya, tak tepat pandangan sosialisasi empat pilar
kehidupan berbangsa berimpilikasi secara ideologis, politis, yuridis, dan
sosiologis yang mereduksi kedudukan Pancasila.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Apalagi dinilai berpotensi merugikan hak konstitusional warga
negara, bangsa dan negara Indonesia,” katanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MPR mengingatkan mendalami empat pilar anggota partai politik
dan masyarakat sebagai langkah strategis dari DPR dan pemerintah dalam kondisi
bangsa sekarang ini. Hal ini dalam rangka internalisasi dan reaktualisasi
nilai-nilai dalam berbagai dimensi kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“MPR mendukung sepenuhnya upaya-upaya DPR dan pemerintah,
melalui pengujian Pasal 34 ayat (3b) UU Parpol ini, untuk terus memasyarakatkan
empat pilar kebangsaan itu tak sekedar pendidikan politik, tetapi lebih
terinternalisasi dan terimplementasi dalam kehidupan berbangsa.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MPR sendiri telah melakukan sosialisasi tentang sistem ini
bahkan mengadakan lomba tingkat sekolah menengah atas setingkat tentang empat
pilar kebangsaan ini, sampai saat ini meskipun dalam kompasiana memuat tentang
tidak boleh ada pengunaan frasa ini yakni isinya berisi pernyataan </span><span style="background: white; color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pakar
hukum tata negara Jimly Asshiddiqie yang kembali menegaskan bahwa Mahkamah
Konstitusi (MK) telah membatalkan frasa "Empat Pilar Berbangsa dan
Bernegara" sehingga perlu menjadi perhatian semua pihak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Jadi saya harapkan putusan MK tentang pembatalan frasa
empat pilar harus kita jadikan pegangan," kata Jimly Asshiddiqie yang
pernah menjabat sebagai Ketua Mahkamah Konstitusi di Jakarta, Minggu
(17/5/2015).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan demikian, kata dia, tidak perlu ada perdebatan lagi
mengenai frasa empat pilar. Dia juga menyarankan agar MPR tidak lagi
menyosialisasikan Empat Pilar Kebangsaan yang terdiri dari </span><a href="http://nasional.kompas.com/tag/Pancasila" target="_blank"><span style="color: #428bca; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pancasila</span></a><span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, UUD 1945, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, dan Negara
Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"</span><a href="http://nasional.kompas.com/tag/Pancasila" target="_blank"><span style="color: #428bca; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pancasila</span></a><span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> jangan lagi
ditempatkan sebagai salah satu pilar kehidupan berbangsa bernegara.
Karena </span><a href="http://nasional.kompas.com/tag/Pancasila" target="_blank"><span style="color: #428bca; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pancasila</span></a><span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah filosofi
berbangsa, dasar negara. Saran saya, kegiatan sosialisasi diganti saja dengan
kegiatan penyerapan aspirasi masyarakat dan pengkajian. Karena sosialisasi itu
kegiatan eksekutif atau pemerintah," katanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dia menambahkan, dengan penyebutan sebagai pilar, seolah-olah
dianggap setara dengan yang lain dan pada akhirnya menimbulkan salah paham di
masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seharusnya, kata dia, MPR menghormati putusan MK dalam Amar
Putusan Nomor 100/PUU-XI/2014 yang membatalkan frasa "Empat Pilar
Berbangsa dan Bernegara" dalam Pasal 34 ayat (3b) huruf a Undang-Undang
Nomor 2 Tahun 2011 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2008
tentang Partai Politik terkait </span><a href="http://nasional.kompas.com/tag/Pancasila" target="_blank"><span style="color: #428bca; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pancasila</span></a><span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pilar kebangsaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">"Teks<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://nasional.kompas.com/tag/Pancasila" target="_blank"><span style="color: #428bca; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pancasila</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></span><span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">sebagai ideologi
negara tetap sama sejak 1945, tetapi tafsirnya harus senantiasa kontekstual,
sesuai dengan jiwa dan spirit demokrasi yang berkembang, baik di Indonesia
maupun di belahan negara lain di dunia," katanya. Demokrasi dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://nasional.kompas.com/tag/Pancasila" target="_blank"><span style="color: #428bca; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pancasila</span></a><span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">, kata dia, tidak
bisa dipisahkan karena tanpa demokrasi,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://nasional.kompas.com/tag/Pancasila" target="_blank"><span style="color: #428bca; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pancasila</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></span><span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">tak mungkin bertahan
sebagai ideologi bangsa. </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengujian Pasal 34 ayat (3b) UU Parpol pada tahun 2015 diajukan
sejumlah warga negara yang tergabung dalam Masyarakat Pengawal Pancasila Jogya,
Solo, dan Semarang (MPP Joglosemar). Mereka keberatan masuknya Pancasila
sebagai salah satu pilar kebangsaan. Pasal yang diuji, parpol wajib
mensosialisasikan Empat Pilar Kebangsaan yaitu Pancasila, NKRI, Bhineka Tunggal
Ika, dan UUD 1945.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pasal itu dinilai menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum karena
menempatkan Pancasila sebagai salah satu pilar kebangsaan yang sejajar dengan
ketiga pilar lainnya. Penempatan Pancasila sebagai pilar merupakan kesalahan
fatal karena Pancasila telah disepakati para pendiri bangsa sebagai dasar
negara <i>(philosophie groundslaag)</i> dalam Pembukaan UUD 1945.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut dia, kata ”dasar” dan ”pilar” memiliki makna yang
berbeda yang menimbulkan kebingungan dosen di perguruan tinggi saat menjelaskan
kepada mahasiswanya. Karena itu, memasukkan Pancasila sebagai salah satu pilar
kebangsaan melawan fakta sejarah dan menghianati para pendiri bangsa ini yang
bisa bisa meruntuhkan bangsa ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena itu, ”proyek” sosialisasi oleh MPR mengenai empat pilar
yang salah satunya Pancasila harus dihentikan karena menyesatkan bangsa ini.
Pasal itu diminta dinyatakan inkonstitusional atau sekurang-kurangnya kata “Pancasila”
dalam pasal itu dicabut dan dinyatakan tidak mempunyai kekuatan mengikat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meskipun kenyataannya seperti yang di sampaikan di atas bahwa
MPR masih melakukan sosialisasi sistem empat pilar kebangsaan dan lagi banyak
yang beranggapan bahwa hal yang dilakukan oleh MPR begitu berbau politik
terutama dari partai PDI-P yang menjadi partai ketua MPR saat itu (alm) Taufiq
Kiemas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bab III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari
pembahasan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa kedudukan pancasila dalam sistem
atau istilah empat pilar kebangsaan memiliki 2 sudut pandang yakni menurut
anggota MPR kedudukan pancasila dalam sistem ini tidaklah berubah yakni sebagai
dasar dan kedudukan 4 hal di dalam sistem ini tidaklah berarti sama dan sistem
ini hanyalah untuk meningkatkan pengamalan 4 hal tersebut sementara itu banyak
tokoh yang berpendapat bahwa sistem ini berbahaya bagi kedudukan pancasila
dalam kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara bagi masyarakat luas terutama
masyarakat awam yang dapat salah mengartikan istilah atau sistem ini. Dan
sidang MK pada tahun 2015 lalu memenangkan pendapat tokoh dan membatalkan
perubahan uu yang dilakukan anggota MPR.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
pendapat saya akan hal ini lebih condong kepada pendapat para tokoh seperti
tokoh cendekiawan dan yang lain yang berpendapat bahwa sistem/istilah empat
pilar kebangsaan sebaiknya tidak di sosialisasikan pada masyarakat awam. Namun,
saya pada awal munculnya sistem ini saya mengikuti lomba pengetahuan empat
pilar kebangsaan dan merasa hal ini berdampak baik bagi para siswa agar dapat
tertarik mempelajari hal yang terkandung dalam empat pilar kebangsaan ini
sehingga di harapkan siswa dapat menerapkan nilai-nilai yang terdapat di dalam
isi empat pilar kebangsaan ini dalam kehidupan sehari-hari<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jadi
kesimpulan akhir dari saya adalah istilah empat pilar tidak seharusnya ada
namun kehadiran lomba pengetahuan tentang dasar negara, filsafat negara dan
hal-hal di dalam sistem kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara yang seharusnya
sehingga dapat meningkatkan minat mempelajarinya dan menambah pengetahuan siswa
tentang hal tersebut serta menerapkannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saran
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Data
yang di gunakan harus se baru mungkin sehingga dapat di percaya dan tidak
menimbulkan masalah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bab IV Daftar Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.kompasiana.com/">www.kompasiana.com</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://www.hukumonline.com/berita/baca/lt530239bfb1545/mpr--pilar-kebangsaan-tak-ubah-kedudukan-pancasila">http://www.hukumonline.com/berita/baca/lt530239bfb1545/mpr--pilar-kebangsaan-tak-ubah-kedudukan-pancasila</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://pascasarjana.uniba-bpn.ac.id/informasi/berita/5-empat-pilar-berbangsa-dan-bernegara-sebagai-sebuah-pemahaman-baru.html">http://pascasarjana.uniba-bpn.ac.id/informasi/berita/5-empat-pilar-berbangsa-dan-bernegara-sebagai-sebuah-pemahaman-baru.html</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwj9tfzQlN_PAhWLvo8KHTe1DxkQFggaMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dosenpendidikan.com%2Fpengertian-dan-isi-4-pilar-bangsa-indonesia-sebagai-negara-nkri%2F&usg=AFQjCNGgdBLoU2c0o3exkqhv7HeXko5rJA&bvm=bv.135974163,d.c2I">https://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwj9tfzQlN_PAhWLvo8KHTe1DxkQFggaMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dosenpendidikan.com%2Fpengertian-dan-isi-4-pilar-bangsa-indonesia-sebagai-negara-nkri%2F&usg=AFQjCNGgdBLoU2c0o3exkqhv7HeXko5rJA&bvm=bv.135974163,d.c2I</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/1000-fungsi-pancasila-sebagai-ideologi-dan-dasar-negara/">http://www.dosenpendidikan.com/1000-fungsi-pancasila-sebagai-ideologi-dan-dasar-negara/</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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Fandria Rexa Buanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01981713111283589087noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4237845876481623968.post-36026184319684817922016-10-31T03:00:00.003-07:002016-10-31T03:00:43.505-07:00Makalah Ekosistem Padang Lamun<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">MAKALAH <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">EKOSISTEM PADANG
LAMUN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Disusun sebagai
salah satu syarat untuk memenuhi mata kuliah ekologi lingkungan yang diampu
oleh Dra. Yuli Pratiwi, M.SI.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">DISUSUN OLEH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">FANDRIA REXA
BUANA (161111040)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">TEKNIK LINGKUNGAN
2016<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">INSTITUT SAINS
dan TEKNOLOGI AKPRIND<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">BAB 1</span></b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Indonesia yang memiliki panjang garis
pantai 81.000 km, mempunyai padang lamun yang luas bahkan terluas di daerah
tropika. Luas padang lamun yang terdapat di perairan Indonesia mencapai sekitar
30.000 km2 (Kiswara dan Winardi, 1994). Jika dilihat dari pola zonasi lamun
secara horisontal, maka dapat dikatakan ekosistem lamun terletak di antara dua
ekosistem bahari penting yaitu ekosistem mangrove dan ekosistem terumbu karang
(pada gambar dibawah). Dengan letak yang berdekatan dengan dua ekosistem pantai
tropik tersebut, ekosistem lamun tidak terisolasi atau berdiri sendiri tetapi
berinteraksi dengan kedua ekosistem tersebut</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> oleh
karena itu Indonesia di kenal sebagai negara maritim. Perairan laut Indonesia
kaya akan berbagai biota laut baik flora maupun fauna. Demikian luas serta
keragaman jasad</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">– jasad hidup di dalam yang kesemuanya
membentuk dinamika kehidupan di laut yang saling berkesinambungan(Bengen,2001).
<br />
Pada tahun belakangan ini,
perhatian terhadap biota laut semakin meningkat dengan munculnya kesadaran dan
minat setiap lapisan masyarakat akan pentingnya lautan. Laut sebagai penyedia
sumber daya alam yang produktif baik sebagai sumber pangan, tambang mineral,
dan energi, media komunikasi maupun kawasan rekreasi atau pariwisata. Karena
itu wilayah pesisir dan lautan merupakan tumpuan harapan manusia dalam
pemenuhan kebutuhan di masa datang. Salah satu sumber daya laut yang cukup
potensial untuk dapat dimanfaatkan adalah lamun, dimana secara ekologis lamun
mempunyai bebrapa fungsi penting di daerah pesisir. Lamun merupakan
produktifitas primer di perairan dangkal di seluruh dunia dan merupakan sumber
makanan penting bagi banyak organisme.<br />
Ekosistem lamun merupakan
salah satu sumber daya laut yang cukup potensial untuk dapat dimanfaatkan
adalah lamun, dimana secara ekologis lamun mempunyai bebrapa fungsi penting di
daerah pesisir. Lamun merupakan produktifitas primer di perairan dangkal di
seluruh dunia dan merupakan sumber makanan penting bagi banyak organisme.
Biomassa padang lamun secara kasar berjumlah 700 g bahan kering/m2, sedangkan
produktifitasnya adalah 700 g arbon/m2/hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">BAB II<br />
PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian
Padang Lamun</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">P</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adang lamun (<i>Seagrass
bed</i>) yaitu hamparan vegetasi lamun yang menutup suatu area
pesisir/laut dangkal, terbentuk dari satu jenis atau lebih dengan kerapatan
padat atau jarang. Lamun umumnya membentuk padang lamun yang luas di dasar
laut yang masih dapat dijangkau oleh cahaya matahari yang memadai bagi pertumbuhannya.
Lamun hidup di perairan yang dangkal dan jernih, dengan sirkulasi air yang
baik. Air yang bersirkulasi diperlukan untuk menghantarkan zat-zat hara dan
oksigen, serta mengangkut hasil metabolisme lamun ke luar daerah padang lamun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Atau, </span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">padang lamun adalah ekosistem pesisir yang
ditumbuhi oleh lamun sebagai vegetasi yang dominan. Lamun (<i>seagrass</i>)
adalah kelompok tumbuhan berbiji tertutup (<i>Angiospermae</i>) dan berkeping
tunggal (<i>Monokotil</i>) yang mampu hidup secara permanen di bawah permukaan
air laut (Sheppard <i>et al</i>., 1996). Komunitas lamun berada di antara batas
terendah daerah pasangsurut sampai kedalaman tertentu dimana cahaya matahari
masih dapat mencapai dasar laut (Sitania, 1998). </span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Padang lamun merupakan ekosistem yang tinggi
produktifitas organiknya, dengan keanekaragaman biota yang cukup tinggi. Pada
ekosistem, ini hidup beraneka ragam biota laut seperti ikan, krustasea, moluska
( Pinna sp, Lambis sp, Strombus sp), Ekinodermata ( Holothuria sp, Synapta sp,
Diadema sp, Arcbaster sp, Linckia sp) dan cacing ( Polichaeta) (Bengen, 2001).</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Secara ekologis padang lamun
memiliki peranan penting bagi ekosistem. Lamun merupakan sumber pakan bagi
invertebrata, tempat tinggal bagi biota perairan dan melindungi mereka dari
serangan predator. Lamun juga menyokong rantai makanan dan penting dalam proses
siklus nutrien serta sebagai pelindung pantai dari ancaman erosi ataupun abrasi
(Romimohtarto dan Juwana, 1999).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Ekosistem Padang Lamun memiliki
diversitas dan densitas fauna yang tinggi dikarenakan karena gerakan daun lamun
dapat merangkap larva invertebrata dan makanan tersuspensi pada kolom air.
Alasan lain karena batang lamun dapat menghalangi pemangsaan fauna bentos
sehingga kerapatan dan keanekaragaman fauna bentos tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Daerah Padang Lamun dengan
kepadatan tinggi akan dijumpai fauna bentos yang lebih banyak bila dibandingkan
dengan daerah yang tidak ada tumbuhan lamunnya. Menurut Romimohtarto dan Juwana
(1999) ekosistem lamun memiliki kerapatan fauna keanekaragaman sebesar 52 kali
untuk epifauna dan sebesar 3 kali untuk infauna dibandingkan pada daerah
hamparan tanpa tanaman lamun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Ciri-ciri
Padang Lamun<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Ekosistem
padang lamun memiliki kondisi ekologis yang sangat khusus dan berbeda dengan
ekosistem mangrove dan terumbu karang. Ciri-ciri ekologis padang lamun antara lain
adalah : </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1.</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">
</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Terdapat di
perairan pantai yang landai, di dataran lumpur/pasir </span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">2.</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">
</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Pada batas
terendah daerah pasang surut dekat hutan bakau atau di dataran terumbu karang </span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">3.</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">
</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Mampu hidup
sampai kedalaman 30 meter, di perairan tenang dan terlindung 4.</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">
</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Sangat
tergantung pada cahaya matahari yang masuk ke perairan.</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">5.</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">
</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Mampu
melakukan proses metabolisme secara optimal jika keseluruhan tubuhnya terbenam
air termasuk daur generatif </span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">6.</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">
</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Mampu hidup
di media air asin </span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">7.</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">
</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Mempunyai
sistem perakaran yang berkembang baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Habitat dan
Sebaran Padang Lamun<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Umum dijumpai di daerah intertidal
di dekat mangrove, dan merupakan makanan duyung Enhalus acoroides Tumbuh pada
substrat berlumpur dan perairan keruh, dapat membentuk padang lamun spesies
tunggal, atau mendominasi komunitas padang lamun <i>Halodule pinifolia</i>
Pertumbuhannya cepat, merupakan spesies pionir, umum dijumpai di substrat
berlumpur</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Tanaman lamun bisa hidup normal
dalam keadaan terbenam, dan mempunyai sistem perakaran jangkar (rhizoma) yang
berkembang baik. Mengingat pada dasarnya tak berbeda dengan tanaman darat, maka
lamun punya keunikan yaitu memiliki bunga dan buah yang kemudian berkembang
menjadi benih. Semuanya dilakukan dalam keadaan terbenam di perairan laut. Hal
inilah yang menjadi perbedaan nyata lamun dengan tumbuhan yang hidup terbenam
di laut lainnya seperti makro-alga atau rumput laut (seaweed).</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Lamun tumbuh subur terutama di
daerah terbuka pasang surut dan perairan pantai yang dasarnya bisa berupa
lumpur, pasir, kerikil, dan patahan karang mati, Pendukung lain adalah
kecerahan perairan yang tinggi, suhu yang stabil, dengan kedalaman sekitar 1–
10 meter. Malah di perairan yang sangat jernih, beberapa jenis lamun ditemukan
tumbuh di kedalaman 8 hingga 15 meter.</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Hampir semua tipe substrat dapat
ditumbuhi lamun, mulai dari substrat berlumpur sampai berbatu. Namun padang
lamun yang luas lebih sering ditemukan di substrat lumpur-berpasir yang tebal
antara hutan rawa mangrove dan terumbu karang. Sedangkan sistem (organisasi)
ekologi padang lamun yang terdiri dari komponen biotik dan abiotik disebut
Ekosistem Lamun (Seagrass ecosystem). Habitat tempat hidup lamun adalah
perairan dangkal agak berpasir dan sering juga dijumpai di terumbu karang.</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Sebaran Jenis Lamun</span></b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Tumbuhan lamun merupakan tumbuhan
laut yang mempunyai sebaran cukup luas mulai dari benua Artik sampai kebenua
Afrika dan Selandia Baru. Jumlah jenis tumbuhan ini mencapai 58 jenis di
seluruh dunk (Kuo dan Me. Comb1989) dengan konsentrasi utama didapatkan di
wilayah Indo-Pasifik. Dari jumlah tersebut 16 jenis dari 7 margadiantaranya
ditemukan di perairan Asia Tenggara, dimana jumlah jenis terbesar ditemukan di
perairan Filipina (16 jenis) atau semua jenis yang ada di perairan Asia
Tenggara ditemukan juga di Filipina.</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Terdapat dua
hipotesis yang saling bertolak belakang yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan
penyebaran lamun adalah :</span></b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Hipotesis vikarians</span></b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Dikemukakan oleh McCoy dan Heck
(1976),berdasarkan lempeng tektonik, perubahan iklim, dan juga pertimbangan
ekologi seperti kepunahan dan hubungan spesies-habitat. Berdasarkan penyebaran
terumbu karang (sklerektinia), lamun, dan mangrove, McCoy dan Heck ( 1976)
menyimpulkan bahwa : pola biogeography lebih baik dijelaskan oleh keberadaan
penyebaran biota secara luas pada waktu sebelumnya yang telah mengalami
perubahan akibat kejadian tektonik, speciation, dan kepunahan, bersama dengan
geologi modern dan teori biogeografi.</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">hipotesis pusat asal usul</span></b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Berpendapat bahwa pola distribusi
lamun dapat dijelaskan dari penyebarannya yang merupakan radiasi yang berasal
dari lokasi yang memiliki keanekaragaman yang paling tinggi yang disebut pusat
asal usul (den Hartog, 1970).</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"> Hipotesis ini berpendapat bahwa &
ldquo;Malinesia&rdquo; (termasuk kepulauan Indonesia, Kalimantan-Malaysia,
Papua Nugini, dan Utara Australia) merupakan pusat asal usul penyebaran lamun.Mukai
(1993) menunjukkan bahwa pola penyebaran modern dari lamun di barat Pasifik
merupakan fungsi dari arus laut dan jarak dari pusat asal usul (Malesia). </span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Datanya menjelaskan bahwa jika
mengikuti arus laut utama yang berasal dari</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">pusat asal usul (Malesia) dengan
keanekaragaman lamun tinggi, maka akan terjadi penurunan keanekaragaman lamun
secara progresif kearah tepi (Jepang, Selatan Quensland, Fiji) yang memiliki
lebih sedikit jenis lamun tropis. </span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Yang perlu dicermati bahwa
distribusi lamun sepanjang utara-mengalirnya Kuroshio dan selatan-aliran timur
arus Australia juga merefleksikan gradient lintang.</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Di Indonesia
ditemukan jumlah jenis lamun yang relatif lebih rendah dibandingkan Filipina,
yaitu sebanyak 12 jenis dari 7 marga. Namun demikian terdapat dua jenis lamun
yang diduga ada di Indonesia namun belum dilaporkan yaitu <i>Halophila beccarii</i>
dan <i>Ruppia maritime</i>* (Kiswara 1997). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor yang mempengaruhi padang lamun</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa faktor lingkungan yang berpengaruh terhadap distribusi
dan kestabilan ekosistem padang lamun</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah :</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kecerahan</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penetrasi cahaya yang masuk ke dalam perairan sangat
mempengaruhi proses fotosintesis yang dilakukan oleh tumbuhan lamun. Lamun
membutuhkan intensitas cahaya yang tinggi untuk proses fotosintesa tersebut
dan jika suatu perairan mendapat pengaruh akibat aktivitas pembangunan
sehingga meningkatkan sedimentasi pada badan air yang akhirnya mempengaruhi
turbiditas maka akan berdampak buruk terhadap proses fotosintesis. Kondisi ini
secara luas akan mengganggu produktivitas primer ekosistem lamun.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Temperatur</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara umum ekosistem padang lamun ditemukan secara luas di
daerah bersuhu dingin dan di tropis. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa lamun
memiliki toleransi yang luas terhadap perubahan temparatur. Kondisi ini tidak
selamanya benar jika kita hanya memfokuskan terhadap lamun di daerah tropis
karena kisaran lamun dapat tumbuh optimal hanya pada temperatur 28-300C. Hal
ini berkaitan dengan kemampuan proses fotosintesis yang akan menurun jika
temperatur berada di luar kisaran tersebut.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Salinitas</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kisaran salinitas yang dapat ditolerir lamun adalah 10-40‰ dan
nilai optimumnya adalah 35‰. Penurunan salinitas akan menurunkan kemampuan
lamun untuk melakukan fotosintesis. Toleransi lamun terhadap salinitas
bervariasi juga terhadap jenis dan umur. Lamun yang tua dapat
mentoleransi fluktuasi salinitas yang besar. Salinitas juga berpengaruh
terhadap biomassa, produktivitas, kerapatan, lebar daun dan kecepatan pulih.
Sedangkan kerapatan semakin meningkat dengan meningkatnya salinitas.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Substrat</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Padang lamun hidup pada berbagai macam tipe sedimen, mulai dari
lumpur sampai karang. Kebutuhan substrat yang utama bagi pengembangan padang
lamun adalah kedalaman sedimen yang cukup. Peranan kedalaman substrat dalam
stabilitas sedimen mencakup 2 hal yaitu : pelindung tanaman dari arus laut dan
tempat pengolahan dan pemasok nutrien.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kecepatan
arus</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Produktivitas padang lamun dipengaruhi oleh kecepatan arus.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="wp-caption-text" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #303030; font-size: 13.0pt;">E.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #303030; font-size: 13.0pt;">Fungsi Padang Lamun<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #303030; font-size: 13.0pt;">Menurut Azkab (1988), ekosistem lamun merupakan salah satu
ekosistem di laut dangkal yang paling produktif. Di samping itu juga ekosistem
lamun mempunyai peranan penting dalam menunjang kehidupan dan perkembangan
jasad hidup di laut dangkal, sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #303030; font-size: 13.0pt;">Sebagai
produsen primer : Lamun memiliki tingkat produktifitas primer tertinggi bila
dibandingkan dengan ekosistem lainnya yang ada dilaut dangkal seperti ekosistem
terumbu karang (Thayer et al. 1975).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Sebagai
habitat biota : Lamun memberikan tempat perlindungan dan tempat menempel
berbagai hewan dan tumbuh-tumbuhan (alga). Disamping itu, padang lamun
(seagrass beds) dapat juga sebagai daerah asuhan, padang pengembalaan dan
makanan berbagai jenis ikan herbivora dan ikan-ikan karang (coral fishes)
(Kikuchi & Peres, 1977).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Sebagai
penangkap sedimen : Daun lamun yang lebat akan memperlambat air yang disebabkan
oleh arus dan ombak, sehingga perairan disekitarnya menjadi tenang. Disamping
itu, rimpang dan akar lamun dapat menahan dan mengikat sedmen, sehingga dapat
menguatkan dan menstabilkan dasar permukaan. Jadi, padang lamun disini
berfungsi sebagai penangkap sedimen dan juga dapat mencegah erosi (Gingsuburg
& Lowestan, 1958).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Sebagai
pendaur zat hara : Lamun memegang peranan penting dalam pendauran berbagai zat
hara dan elemen-elemen yang langka dilingkungan laut. Khususnya zat-zat hara
yang dibutuhkan oleh algae epifit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #303030; font-size: 13.0pt;">Sedangkan
menurut Philips & Menez (1988), ekosistem lamun merupakan salah satu
ekosistem bahari yang produktif, ekosistem lamun pada perairan dangkal
berfungsi sebagai :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #303030; font-size: 13.0pt;">Menstabilkan
dan menahan sedimen–sedimen yang dibawa melalui tekanan tekanan dari arus dan
gelombang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #303030; font-size: 13.0pt;">Daun-daun
memperlambat dan mengurangi arus dan gelombang serta mengembangkan sedimentasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Memberikan
perlindungan terhadap hewan–hewan muda dan dewasa yang berkunjung ke padang
lamun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Daun–daun
sangat membantu organisme-organisme epifit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Mempunyai
produktifitas dan pertumbuhan yang tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Menfiksasi
karbon yang sebagian besar masuk ke dalam sistem daur rantai makanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #303030; font-size: 13.0pt;">Selain
itu secara ekologis padang lamun mempunyai beberapa fungsi penting bagi wilayah
pesisir, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Produsen detritus dan zat hara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Mengikat
sedimen dan menstabilkan substrat yang lunak, dengan system perakaran yang
padat dan saling menyilang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Sebagai
tempat berlindung, mencari makan, tumbuh besar, dan memijah bagi beberapa jenis
biota laut, terutama yang melewati masa dewasanya di lingkungan ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Sebagai
tudung pelindung yang melindungi penghuni padang lamun dari sengatan matahari<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #303030; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Dampak yang ditimbulkan
kegiatan yang menyebabkan hilang?rusaknya ekosistem padang lamun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: -4.3pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Dampak sekunder pada perairan dengan
meningkatnya kekeruhan air, dan terlapisnya insan hewan air.</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: -4.3pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Terjadinya akumulasi logam berat padang
lamun melalui proses <i>biological magnification</i></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Penurunan kandungan oksigen terlarut</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Dapat tmerjadi <i>eutrofikasi</i> <i>yang </i>engakibatkan<i>
blooming</i> <i>perifiton</i> yang menempel di daun lamun, dan juga
meningkatkan kekeruhan yang dapat menghalangi cahaya matahari</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Pencemaran pestisida dapat mematikan hewan
yang berasosiasi dengan padang lamun</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Pencemar pupuk dapat mengakibatkan <i>eutrofikasi.</i></span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Lapisan minyak pada daun lamun dapat
menghalangi proses fotosintesis</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -4.3pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: .5in; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Pengelolaan dan Pelestarian padang lamun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Saat ini </span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">kondisi ekosistem padang lamun di
perarain pesisir Indonesia sekitar 30-40%. Di pesisir pulau Jawa kondisi
ekosistem padang lamun telah mengalami gangguan yang cukup serius
akibat pembuangan limbah indusri dan pertumbuhan penduduk dan
diperkirakan sebanyak 60% lamun telah mengalami kerusakan. Di pesisir pulau
Bali dan pulau Lombok ganguan bersumber dari penggunaan potassium sianida dan
telah berdampak pada penurunan nilai dan kerapatan sepsiens lamun (Fortes,
1989). Meskipun beberapa areal ekosistem pesisir termasuk areal padang lamun di
Indonesia telah dimasukan ke dalam suatu kawasan lindung, namun pada kenyataan
di lapangan menunjukkan banyak diantaranya yang masih mendapat tekanan yang
cukup berarti. Sebagai upaya pemecahan, kini pihak pemerintah dalam hal ini
Departemen Kelautan dan Perikanan bekerja sama dengan perguruan tinggi dan
instansi terkait lainnya berusaha mengembangkan pendekatan terpadu yang
melibatkan berbagai pihak, yaitu Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir Secara Terpadu
atau <i>Integrated Coastal Management</i> (ICM). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Bab III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Dapat
disimpulkan bahwa ekosistem padang lamun adalah ekosistem dimana terdapat
banyak jenis biota dan cenderung seperti antara ekosistem mangrove dan terumbu
karang. Padang lamun memiliki peranan yang cukup penting dalam kehidupan, namun
keadaan padang lamun di indonesia pada saat ini mengalami kerusakan di
karenakan kegiatan seperti pengerukan pasir dan lain-lain. Pemerintah berusaha
menanggulanginya dengan berbagai macam program. Padang lamun sendiri di
indonesia terdapat 12 jenis dan lebih rendah di bandingkan filipina yang terdapat
16 jenis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Padang lamun
memiliki peran yang sangat penting sehingga mari kita sukseskan kegiatan
pemerintah dalam menjaga kelestarian padang lamun dan melakukan hal-hal yang
dapat mengurangi kerusakan pada padang lamun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">Daftar Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://barengkarimun.wordpress.com/2013/10/02/ekosistem-lamun/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">https://barengkarimun.wordpress.com/2013/10/02/ekosistem-lamun/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">https://id.wikipedia.org/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://academia.edu/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">https://academia.edu/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://nurhasanblogger.wordpress.com/2015/04/14/ekosistem-padang-lamun/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">https://nurhasanblogger.wordpress.com/2015/04/14/ekosistem-padang-lamun/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://dhayattoni80.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/ekosistem-padang-lamun-seagrass.html/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://dhayattoni80.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/ekosistem-padang-lamun-seagrass.html/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<a href="http://dhayattoni80.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/ekosistem-padang-lamun-seagrass.html/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://dhayattoni80.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/ekosistem-padang-lamun-seagrass.html/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Fandria Rexa Buanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01981713111283589087noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4237845876481623968.post-66431073529623239242016-01-20T22:26:00.001-08:002016-01-20T22:26:04.092-08:00 TEORI ATOM<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Disusun
Untuk:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Melengkapi
Tugas Mata Pelajaran Fisika<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">TEORI ATOM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">Perkembangan
Teori Atom<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sejak awal
tahun 1900-an para ilmuwan mengetahui bahwa atom pembentuk materi terdiri atas
inti kecil yang dikelilingi oleh elektron. Inti itu ternyata terdiri atas
partikel-partikel yang terlihat erat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Inilah <i>teori
atom</i> yang telah diakui oleh para Ilmuwan untuk menjelaskan seperti apa itu
atom dan cara kerjanya. Atom adalah suatu partikel kecil yang menyusun seluruh
benda yang ada di dunia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikut
adalah teori atom dari beberapa ahli :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atom</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalton</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">John Dalton (1766–1844)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, seorang ilmuwan berkebangsaan
Inggris dengan didukung dari hasil eksperimen-eksperimennya mengembangkan
konsep atom dari Demokritus yang kemudian mengemukaan teori tentang atom.
Secara garis besar teori atom Dalton
dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atom merupakan bagian terkecil dari
suatu zat yang tidak bisa dibagi lagi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atom-atom penyusun zat tertentu
memiliki sifat yang sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atom unsur tertentu tidak bisa
berubah menjadi atom unsur lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dua atom atau lebih dapat bersenyawa
(bereaksi) membentuk molekul.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam reaksi kimia perbandingan
antara atom-atom penyusunnya mempunyai perbandingan yang tertentu dan
sederhana.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam reaksi kimia pada dasarnya
terjadi penyusunan kembali atom-atom penyusun zat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adapun
hipotesa Dalton dapat digambarkan dengan menggunakan model atom sebagai bola
pejal seperti yang ada pada tolak peluru, berikut gambar teori atom dalton:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://i1.wp.com/informasiana.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/teori-atom-dalton.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; tab-stops: 56.7pt; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kelebihan model atom John Dalton:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; tab-stops: 56.7pt; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mulai
membangkitkan minat terhadap penelitian mengenai model atom dan menjelaskan apa
yang tidak dijelaskan pada teiri atom Domocritus. <br />
a. Setiap unsur terdiri dari partikel yang sangat keci yang dinamakan dengan
atom<br />
b. Atom dari unsur yang sama memiliiki sifat yang sama begitu pula bila atom
dari unsur berbeda maka akan memiliki sifat yang beda pula<br />
c. Atom dari suatu unsur tidak dapat diubah menjadi atom unsur lain dengan
reaksi kimia, dan juga atom tidak dapat dimusnahkan.<br />
d. Atom-atom dapat bergabung membentuk gabungan atom yang disebut molekul<br />
e. Dalam senyawa, perbandingan massa masing-masing</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> unsur adalah tetap</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kelemahan model atom John Dalton :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.7pt; tab-stops: 56.7pt; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teori
atom Dalton tidak dapat menerangkan suatu larutan dapat menghantarkan arus
listrik. Bagaimana mungkin bola pejal dapat menghantarkan arus listrik? padahal
listrik adalah elektron yang bergerak.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teori Atom
J.J. Thomson<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengacu pada
penemuan tabung katoda yang lebih baik berkat William Crookers, maka J.J.
Thomson akhirnya meneliti secara lebih lanjut mengenai sinar katode dan bisa
dipastikan bahwa pada sinar katode adalah suatu partikel, sebab bisa memutar
baling-baling yang telah diletakkan ditengah katode dan anode. Berdasarkan
hasil percobaan maka Thomson akhirnya menyatakan bahwa sinar katode adalah
suatu partikel yang menyusun atom atau partikel subatom yang memiliki muatan
negatif dan selanjutnya disebut sebagai elektron.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atom adalah
suatu partikel yang memiliki sifat netral, oleh karenanya elektron yang
bermuatan negatif, maka mesti ada partikel yang tentunya bermuatan positif
untuk dapat menetralkan muatan negatif yang ada dielektron tersebut. Dari hasil
penemuan J.J. Thomson tersebut akhirnya dapat memperbaiki kelemahan pada teori
atom dalton dan kembali mengemukakan teori atomnya yang disebut sebagai teori
atom thomson yang telah menyatakan bahwa “Atom adalah bola pejal yang memiliki
muatan positif dan didalamnya terdapat muatan negatif elektron”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model atom
J.J Thomson ini bisa digambarkan sebagai jambu biji yang telah dikelupas
kulitnya. Bija jambu tersebut menggambarkan elektron yang tersebar secara
merata didalam bola daging jambu yang pejal tersebut, yang pada model atom
Thomson dapat dianalogiakan sebagai bola positif yang pejal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sehubungan
dengan penemuan elektron yang menjadi bagian dari atom oleh J.J. Thomson pada
tahun 1897, maka teori atom Dalton mulai goyah. Berdasarkan hasil penemuan
elektron tersebut, maka Thomson mengajukan model atom untuk pertama kali
(1904), yaitu sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atom bukan bagian terkecil dari zat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atom mempunyai muatan positif yang
tersebar merata ke seluruh atom yang dinetralkan oleh elektron-elektron yang
tersebar di antara muatan positif itu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Massa elektron jauh lebih kecil dari
massa atom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apabila
digambarkan/divisualisasikan model atom yang dikemukakan Thomson ini seperti
model roti kismis di mana bagian atom seperti halnya kismis yang menempel pada
kue.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/perkembangan-teori-atom-dalton-thomson-rutherford-dan-bohr/model-atom-thomson-2/"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1029"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Model Atom Thomson"
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model atom
yang dikemukakan Thomson ini tidak dikembangkan lebih lanjut karena tidak cocok
dengan hasil percobaan yang dilakukan oleh Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) yang
membuktikan bahwa muatan positif atom tidak tersebar merata di seluruh bagian
atom tetapi terpusat pada bagian tengah atom yang kemudian disebut inti atom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dari
eksperimen tentang sinar katode yang dilakukan di dalam Laboratorium Cavendish
di Cambridge, Inggris pada tahun 1897 inilah J.J. Thomson berhasil mengukur
perbandingan antara muatan elektron dengan massa elektron (<i>e/m</i>), dengan
mengamati penyimpangan sinar katode dalam gabungan medan listrik dan medan
magnet. Dari hasil perhitungan yang mutakhir perbandingan <i>e/m</i> adalah
1,7588 × 10<sup>11</sup> C/kg.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kelebihan model atom J.J Thomson : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Membuktikan
adanya partikel lain yang bermuatan negatif dalam atom. Berarti atom bukan
merupakan bagian terkecil dari suatu unsur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
Kelemahan model atom J.J Thomson :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Model Thomson
ini tidak dapat menjelaskan susunan muatan positif dan negatif dalam bola atom
tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model Atom
Rutherford<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk
menguji model atom J.J. Thomson, maka Ernest Rutherford mengadakan percobaan
dengan menembak atom-atom dengan partikel-partikel alpha, yaitu partikel dengan
massa empat kali massa atom hidrogen dan muatan positif sebesar dua kali muatan
elektron. Partikel alpha mempunyai daya tembus yang cukup kuat untuk melalui
plat logam yang sangat tipis. Dalam percobaannya, Rutherford menembakkan
partikel alpha dengan sasaran target lempengan tipis emas, seperti gambar di
bawah ini :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/perkembangan-teori-atom-dalton-thomson-rutherford-dan-bohr/percobaan-hamburan-partikel-alpha-oleh-rutherford/"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_2"
o:spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Percobaan hamburan partikel alpha oleh rutherford"
href="http://fisikazone.com/perkembangan-teori-atom-dalton-thomson-rutherford-dan-bohr/percobaan-hamburan-partikel-alpha-oleh-rutherford/"
style='width:225.75pt;height:75.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'
o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\rexa\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg"
o:title="Percobaan hamburan partikel alpha oleh rutherford"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Percobaan hamburan partikel alpha oleh rutherford" border="0" height="101" src="file:///C:/Users/rexa/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_2" width="301" /><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Percobaan hamburan partikel α oleh Rutherford<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan
hasil percobaan diharapkan semua partikel alpha menembus lurus lempengan emas,
akan tetapi dalam hasil pengamatan diperoleh ada partikel alpha yang dibelokkan
bahkan ada yang dibelokkan dengan sudut antara 90<sup>o</sup> sampai 180<sup>o</sup>.
Hal terakhir yang tidak cocok dengan model atom Thomson.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rutherford
mengukur sudut-sudut hamburan partikel alpha dengan teliti. Bila muatan positif
tidak menyebar, tetapi mengumpul pada suatu tempat dalam tiap-tiap atom, maka
berdasarkan hukum Coulomb sudut penyimpangan akan berkisar antara 5<sup>o</sup>
sampai 150<sup>o</sup>. Berarti gejala pemantulan kembali partikel alpha
tersebut ditolak oleh suatu konsentrasi muatan positif dalam atom (terjadi gaya
tolakan karena muatannya sejenis).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rutherford
menyusun model atomnya yang secara garis besar adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atom terdiri dari muatan positif dan
negatif, di mana kedua muatan tersebut mempunyai jarak yang lebih jauh
dibandingkan dengan ukuran kedua muatan tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atom terdiri dari inti atom yang
bermuatan possitif dan elektron bergerak mengelilingi inti atom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Inti atom dan elektron mempunyai
gaya tarik menarik sehingga mempunyai percepatan sentripetal untuk
mempertahankan elektron dalam garis edarnya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Elektron dalam mengelilingi inti
atom sambil memancarkan energi elektromagnetik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/perkembangan-teori-atom-dalton-thomson-rutherford-dan-bohr/lintasan-spiral-elektron-athom-rutherford/"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Lintasan Spiral Elektron Athom Rutherford"
href="http://fisikazone.com/perkembangan-teori-atom-dalton-thomson-rutherford-dan-bohr/lintasan-spiral-elektron-athom-rutherford/"
style='width:154.5pt;height:162pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'
o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\rexa\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg"
o:title="Lintasan Spiral Elektron Athom Rutherford"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Lintasan Spiral Elektron Athom Rutherford" border="0" height="216" src="file:///C:/Users/rexa/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="206" /><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lintasan Spiral Elektron Athom Rutherford<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Kelebihan Model Atom Rutherford :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahwa
atom memiliki inti atom yang bermuatan positif dan disekelilingnya terdapat
elektron yang mengelilinya. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Kelemahan Model Atom Rutherford :
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menurut
hukum fisika klasik, elektron yang bergerak mengelilingi inti memancarkan
energi dalam bentuk gelombang elektromagnetik. Akibatnya, lama-kelamaan
elektron itu akan kehabisan energi dan akhirnya menempel pada inti.<br />
a. Model atom rutherford ini belum mampu menjelaskan dimana letak elektron dan
cara rotasinya terhadap ini atom.<br />
b. Elektron memancarkan energi ketika bergerak, sehingga energi atom menjadi
tidak stabil.<br />
c. Tidak dapat menjelaskan spektrum garis pada atom hidrogen (H).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model Atom
Bohr<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model atom
Rutherford gagal menjelaskan tentang kestabilan atom dan terjadinya spektrum
garis atom hidrogen. Seorang ilmuwan Fisika dari Denmark, Niels Bohr dapat
menjelaskan spektrum garis atom hidrogren. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada tahun
1913, seorang pakar fisika Denmark yang bernama Neils Bohr telah memperbaiki
dari kegagalan atom Rutherford dengan melalui percobaan mengenai spektrum atom
hidrogen. Pada percobaan tersebut berhasil dalam memberikan suatu gambaran
kondisi elektron dalam menempati suatu daerah yang ada disekitar inti atom.
PAda penjelasan Bohr mengenai atom hidrogen telah melibatkan gabungan antara
teori kuantum dari Plank dan teori klasik dari Rutherford yang telah
diungkapkan dengan menggunakan empat postulat yaitu sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Elektron
berotasi mengelilingi inti tidak pada sembarang lintasan, tetapi pada
lintasan-lintasan tertentu tanpa membebaskan energi. Lintasan ini disebut
lintasan stasioner dan memiliki energi tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Elektron
dapat berpindah dari lintasan yang satu ke lintasan yang lain. Jika elektron
pindah dari lintasan berenergi rendah (lintasan dalam) ke lintasan berenergi
tinggi (lintasan luar) akan menyerap energi dan sebaliknya akan memancarkan
energi. Energi yang dipancarkan atau diserap elektron sebesar hf.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lintasan-lintasan
yang diperkenankan elektron adalah lintasan-lintasan yang mempunyai momentum
sebesar:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
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style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
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IN'><m:r>n</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
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style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
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IN'><m:r>h</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
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"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
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mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>π</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:61.5pt;height:29.25pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\rexa\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="39" src="file:///C:/Users/rexa/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="82" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kelemahan Model Atom Neils Bohr </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Elektron-elektron
yang mengelilingi inti mempunyai lintasan dan energi tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam
orbital tertentu, energi elektron adalah tetap. Elektron akan menyerap energi
jika berpindah ke orbit yang lebih luar dan akan membebaskan energi jika
berpindah ke orbit yang lebih dalam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tidak dapat menjelaskan efek Zeeman dan
efek Strack.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tidak dapat menerangkan kejadian-kejadian
dalam ikatan kimia dengan baik, pengaruh medan magnet terhadap atom-atom, dan
spektrum atom yang berelektron lebih banyak.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kelebihan model atom Bohr :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Atom terdiri dari beberapa kulit/subkulit untuk
tempat berpindahnya electron dan atom membentuk suatu orbit dimana inti atom
merupakan positif dan disekelilingnya terdapat elektron.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 19.2pt 38.4pt .8in 76.8pt 96.0pt 1.6in 134.4pt 153.6pt 2.4in 192.0pt 211.2pt 3.2in 249.6pt 268.8pt 4.0in 307.2pt 326.4pt 4.8in 364.8pt 384.0pt 5.6in 422.4pt 441.6pt 6.4in 480.0pt 499.2pt 7.2in 537.6pt 556.8pt 8.0in 595.2pt 614.4pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">Model
Atom Bohr<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada tahun
1913, seorang pakar fisika Denmark yang bernama Neils Bohr telah memperbaiki
dari kegagalan atom Rutherford dengan melalui percobaan mengenai spektrum atom
hidrogen. Pada percobaan tersebut berhasil dalam memberikan suatu gambaran
kondisi elektron dalam menempati suatu daerah yang ada disekitar inti atom.
PAda penjelasan Bohr mengenai atom hidrogen telah melibatkan gabungan antara
teori kuantum dari Plank dan teori klasik dari Rutherford yang telah
diungkapkan dengan menggunakan empat postulat yaitu sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Elektron berputar mengelilingi inti
(proton) dalam pengaruh gaya elektrostatis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Elektron tidak dapat beredar
mengelilingi atom pada sembarang lintasan. Tetapi hanya beredar melalui
lintasan-lintasan tertentu, dalam keadaan stabil. Pada lintasan tertentu itu,
elektron tida memancarkan energi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lintasan yang diperbolehkan untuk
dilalui elektron, harus memenuhi momentum sebesar </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>mvr</m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>n</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-language:IN;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>h</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:
IN'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-language:IN'><m:r>π</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -9.0pt; position: relative; top: 9.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:57.75pt;height:22.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\rexa\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="30" src="file:///C:/Users/rexa/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="77" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebuah elektron akan memancarkan
energi sebesar hf bila elektron itu berpindah dari lintasan tertentu dengan
energi yang tinggi, ke lintasan tertentu yang energinya rendah. Dan sebaliknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 19.2pt 38.4pt .8in 76.8pt 96.0pt 1.6in 134.4pt 153.6pt 2.4in 192.0pt 211.2pt 3.2in 249.6pt 268.8pt 4.0in 307.2pt 326.4pt 4.8in 364.8pt 384.0pt 5.6in 422.4pt 441.6pt 6.4in 480.0pt 499.2pt 7.2in 537.6pt 556.8pt 8.0in 595.2pt 614.4pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">Model
atom Bohr dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 19.2pt 38.4pt .8in 76.8pt 96.0pt 1.6in 134.4pt 153.6pt 2.4in 192.0pt 211.2pt 3.2in 249.6pt 268.8pt 4.0in 307.2pt 326.4pt 4.8in 364.8pt 384.0pt 5.6in 422.4pt 441.6pt 6.4in 480.0pt 499.2pt 7.2in 537.6pt 556.8pt 8.0in 595.2pt 614.4pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://kimia.upi.edu/utama/bahanajar/kuliah_web/2007/Vika%20Susanti/bohr/image.gif"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_10" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="model atom bohr"
href="http://kimia.upi.edu/utama/bahanajar/kuliah_web/2007/Vika%20Susanti/bohr/image.gif"
style='width:371.25pt;height:171.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'
o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\rexa\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.gif"
o:title="model atom bohr"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="model atom bohr" border="0" height="229" src="file:///C:/Users/rexa/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_10" width="495" /><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 19.2pt 38.4pt .8in 76.8pt 96.0pt 1.6in 134.4pt 153.6pt 2.4in 192.0pt 211.2pt 3.2in 249.6pt 268.8pt 4.0in 307.2pt 326.4pt 4.8in 364.8pt 384.0pt 5.6in 422.4pt 441.6pt 6.4in 480.0pt 499.2pt 7.2in 537.6pt 556.8pt 8.0in 595.2pt 614.4pt; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 19.2pt 38.4pt .8in 76.8pt 96.0pt 1.6in 134.4pt 153.6pt 2.4in 192.0pt 211.2pt 3.2in 249.6pt 268.8pt 4.0in 307.2pt 326.4pt 4.8in 364.8pt 384.0pt 5.6in 422.4pt 441.6pt 6.4in 480.0pt 499.2pt 7.2in 537.6pt 556.8pt 8.0in 595.2pt 614.4pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">Adapun
kelemahan dan kelebihan model atom bohr adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kelemahan Model Atom Neils Bohr </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Elektron-elektron
yang mengelilingi inti mempunyai lintasan dan energi tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam
orbital tertentu, energi elektron adalah tetap. Elektron akan menyerap energi
jika berpindah ke orbit yang lebih luar dan akan membebaskan energi jika
berpindah ke orbit yang lebih dalam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tidak dapat menjelaskan efek Zeeman dan
efek Strack.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tidak dapat menerangkan
kejadian-kejadian dalam ikatan kimia dengan baik, pengaruh medan magnet
terhadap atom-atom, dan spektrum atom yang berelektron lebih banyak.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kelebihan model atom Bohr :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Atom terdiri dari
beberapa kulit/subkulit untuk tempat berpindahnya electron dan atom membentuk
suatu orbit dimana inti atom merupakan positif dan disekelilingnya terdapat
elektron.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">Efek
Zeeman<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Efek Zeeman adalah efek
garis-garis tambahan dalam spektrum emisi saat atom-atom tereksitasi diletakkan
di daerah bermedan magnetik homogen. Dalam medan magnet, energi keadaan atomik
tertentu tergantung pada harga <em>m<sub>l</sub></em> seperti juga pada n.
Keadaan atom dengan bilangan kuantum n, terpecah menjadi beberapa sub keadaan
jika atom itu berada dalam medan magnetik, dan energinya bisa sedikit berubah
lebih besar atau lebih kecil dari keadaan tanpa medan magnet. Gejala itu
menyebabkan terpecahnya spektrum garis menjadi garis-garis halus yang terpisah
jika atom dilewatkan dalam medan magnetik, dengan jarak antara garis bergantung
dari besarnya medan magnet itu. Peristiwa terpecahnya spektrum garis menjadi
garis-garis halus dalam medan magnet ini disebut efek Zeeman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Efek Zeeman Dan
Bilangan Kuantum Orbital<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span lang="IN">Bilangan kuantum orbital muncul karena teramatinya efek
Zeeman. Pieter Zeeman (1865 – 1943) pada tahun 1896 mengamati suatu gejala
terpisahnya garis-garis dalam suatu spektrum bila sumber spektrum dipaparkan
pada medan magnet. Garis spektrum cahaya terjadi bila elektron-elektron dalam
atom berubah dari tingkat energi yang satu ke tingkat energi yang lain. Pada
efek Zeeman normal, satu garis tunggal pecah menjadi tiga garis bila arah medan
tegak lurus lintasan cahaya, atau pecah menjadi dua garis bila arah medan
sejajar lintasan cahaya. Gejala ini dapat diterangkan dengan prinsip
elektromagnetik klasik, yaitu gerakan elektron orbital di dalam sumber yang
menjadi semakin cepat atau semakin lambat akibat pengaruh medan yang bekerja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Keadaan Atom
Dalam </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/tag/efek-zeeman/" target="_blank" title="View all posts in Efek Zeeman"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Efek
Zeeman</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN">Suatu keadaan atom dengan bilangan kuantum orbital <em>l</em>
dalam medan magnet terpecah menjadi 2<em>l</em> + 1, jika atom itu berada dalam
medan magnet yaitu menjadi +<em>l</em> , 0 dan –<em>l</em> . Akan tetapi
perubahan ml terbatas pada Δ<em>m<sub>l</sub></em> = 0, ± <em>l</em> maka garis
spektrum yang timbul dari transisi antara dua keadaan dengan l yang berbeda
hanya terpecah menjadi tiga komponen yang dapat ditunjukkan oleh gambar berikut
ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://fisikazone.com/efek-zeeman/efek-zeeman/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Efek Zeeman"
href="http://fisikazone.com/efek-zeeman/efek-zeeman/" style='width:332.25pt;
height:236.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\rexa\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.jpg"
o:title="Efek Zeeman"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Efek Zeeman" border="0" height="315" src="file:///C:/Users/rexa/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3" width="443" /><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Atom yang berada dalam medan magnet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">Atom
Berelektron banyak<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bilangan Kuantum</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Elektron
mengelilingi inti atom menurut lintasan tertentu. Selain kedudukannya dalam
lintasan, elektron juga memilliki keadaan – keadaan yang lain. Untuk menyatakan
keadaan dan energi elektron digunakan bilangan kuantum, ada 4 macam bilangan
kuantum yang dapat menggambarkan keadaan elektron, yaitu sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bilangan Kuantum Utama (<i>n</i>)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 75.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menentukan besar energi total
elektron<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Energi total elektron
atom hidrogen </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMathParaPr><m:jc
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lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
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style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><m:r>eV</m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75"
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 111.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Energi total elektron
ion He+, Li2+</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><i
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style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>-</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span
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style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-hansi-font-family:
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style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
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line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><m:r>n</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -9.0pt; position: relative; top: 9.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:66.75pt;height:24pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\rexa\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/rexa/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="89" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 111.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">z = n omor atom<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">He<sup>+</sup> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
z = 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 111.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Li<sup>2+</sup> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
z = 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 75.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Energi
total elektron banyak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 111.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMathParaPr><m:jc
m:val="left"/></m:oMathParaPr><m:oMath><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>E</m:r></span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><m:r>-</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";font-style:italic;
mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>13,6</m:r></span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
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style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><m:r>z</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><m:r>ef</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub></m:num><m:den><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSupPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><m:r>n</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sup><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:sup></m:sSup></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:87pt;height:29.25pt'>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 111.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Z<sub>ef
</sub>= </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">nomor atom efektif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 75.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jumlah
elektron maksimum pada orbit ke-n adalah 2n2 jadi ∑e = 2n2 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bilangan
Kuantum Orbital/Azimuth</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-
Penemu : Arnold Sommerfeld ® orbit ellips<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-
menentukan besar momentum anguler/sudut orbital elektron<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-
l = (n – 1) jadi l = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-
besar momentum sudut (L)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>L</m:r></span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide m:val="on"/><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>l</m:r></span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><m:r>(</m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><m:r>l</m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>+1)</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:rad><m:f><m:fPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><m:r>h</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
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normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:f><m:fPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><m:r>h</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><m:r>π</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -9.0pt; position: relative; top: 9.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\rexa\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image021.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="30" src="file:///C:/Users/rexa/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="14" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> = </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">h<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h = tetapan Planck<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
l makin kecil ® L makin kecil bentuk orbit semakin pipih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bilangan
kuantum orbital disebut juga sebagai bilangan kuantum azimut diberi lambang <i>l,
</i>adalah bilangan kuantum yang menentukan besar momentum sudut elektron
diberi lambang huruf besar L. Nilai <i>l </i>dibatasi oleh nilai n, yang
bilangan bulat mulai dari nol sampai<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bilangan
kuantum orbital (<i>l = 0, 1, 2, 3,…(n – 1) </i>), n berkaitan dengan jari –
jari rata – rata sedangkan<i> l</i> berkaitan dengan pemipihan elips. Makin
kecil nilai<i> l</i>, makin kecil momentum sudut dan makin pipih orbital elips.
Nilai <i>l </i>terbesar yaitu <i>l</i> = 3 memberikan momentum sudut paling
besar dan menghasilkan orbit lingkaran. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Besar
momentum sudut elektron terhadap poros inti atom diturunkan dari persamaan Schr
dinger yaitu : ħ.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bilangan
kuantum azimut menyatakan nama subkulit. Subkulit juga diberi nama tetapi
dengan menggunakan huruf kecil s, p, d, f, …,empat huruf pertama berasal dari
klasifikasi empiris dari spectrum dan terjadi sebelum teori atom dikembangkan.
Subkulit s untuk <i>l = </i>0, subkulit p untuk <i>l</i> = 1, subkulit d untuk <i>l</i>
= 2 dan seterusnya. Subkulit yang dikenal sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.
Orbital s (sharp / tajam)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.
Orbital p (principle / utama)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.
Orbital d (diffuse / kabur)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.
Orbital f (fundamental / pokok)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bilangan
kuantum magnetik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Bilangan kuantum orbital menyatakan besar momentum sudut elektron. Momentum
sudut adalah besaran vektor yang arahnya dinyatakan oleh kaidah tangan kanan.
Untuk menyatakan arah momentum sudut diperkenalkan bilangan kuantum magnetik,
diberi lambang <i>ml. </i>Nilai <i>ml</i> dibatasi oleh nilai <i>l</i> yaitu
bilangan bulat mulai dari –<i>l </i>sampai dengan +<i>l.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bilangan
kuantum magnetik (<i>ml = </i>–<i>l,…0…+l</i> ), Banyaknya nilai yang
diperbolehkan (jumlah orbital) yaitu banyak <i>ml = </i>2<i>l + 1</i> . Arah
momentum sudut dikuantisasi dengan acuan ke medan magnet luar. Kuantisasi ruang
(Lz) , Lz = m<i>l </i>ħ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">- Menunjukkan
arah dari momentum sudut orbital<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">- ml
= - l , ..., 0, ... + l<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">- Banyaknya
nilai yang diperbolehkan (jumlah orbital)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:sSubPr><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><m:r>m</m:r></span></i></m:e><m:sub><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>l</m:r></span></i></m:sub></m:sSub><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>=2</m:r></span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><m:r>l</m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>=1</m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:62.25pt;height:16.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\rexa\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image023.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/rexa/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="83" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Arah momentum sudut
dikuantisasi dengan acuan ke medan magnet luar : kuantisasi ruang (L<sub>z</sub>)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lz = mlh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Anomali efek Zeeman (AEZ)
: pengecualian gejala tambahan garis spektrum yang tidak sesuai dengan jumlah
yang diperkirakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh : garis pertama deret Balmer
dari atom hidrogen yang menunjukkan sebuah struktur halus oleh Phipps dan
Taylor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bilangan Kuantum Spin( <i>ms</i> )</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada tahun
1929, Dirac dengan teorinya menunjukkan bahwa spin elektron dapat dijelaskan
oleh suatu bilangan kuantum <i>ms, yang </i>hanya boleh memiliki nilai ½ .
Momentum sudut spin hanya dapat memiliki dua orientasi (dua arah ) ditentukan
oleh bilangan kuantum magnetik spin yang sering hanya disebut dengan
bilangan kuantum spin , diberi lambang <i>ms </i>dimana <i>ms </i>hanya
diperbolehkan memiliki dua nilai +1/2 dan -1/2. Bilangan kuantum spin
dinyatakan dalam <i>ms </i>= ±1/2. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Arah vektor
momentum sudut spin Sz = m<i>z</i> ħ = ± ½ ħ,kedua nilai ± ½ ħ
untuk Sz berkaitan dengan dua orientasi yang diperbolehkan untuk Sz.
Nilai m<i>s </i>= +1/2 menunjukkan arah spin ke atas (putaran elektron terhadap
porosnya berlawanan arah jarum jam ) sedangkan nilai m<i>s</i> = -1/2
menunjukkan arah spin arah ke bawah (putaran elektron terhadap porosnya searah
jarum jam ) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-
Menunjukkan arah perputaran elektron pada sumbunya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-
Ada 2 nilai, ms = ±</span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:f><m:fPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -9.0pt; position: relative; top: 9.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:5.25pt;height:22.5pt'>
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o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="30" src="file:///C:/Users/rexa/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="7" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-
Pauli berhasil menjelaskan adanya AEZ (penyebab ® rotasi tersembunyi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-
Goudsmit & Uhlenbeck ® rotasi tersembunyi disebabkan oleh momentum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> sudut intrinsik (momentum sudut spin)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-
Besar momentum sudut spin (S)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><m:r>S</m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:rad><m:radPr><m:degHide
m:val="on"/><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Cambria Math";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><m:r>ms</m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
"Cambria Math","serif";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><m:r>(</m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>ms</m:r></span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>+1)</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:rad><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>h</m:r></span></i></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -7.0pt; position: relative; top: 7.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:103.5pt;height:19.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\rexa\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="26" src="file:///C:/Users/rexa/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="138" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-Arah vektor momentum sudut spin (Sz)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sz = msh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nama kulit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">K</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">L</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background: #7F7F7F; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-background-themetint: 128; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47">
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">M</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background: #7F7F7F; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-background-themetint: 128; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47">
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">N</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">O<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background: #7F7F7F; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-background-themetint: 128; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.5pt;" valign="top" width="143">
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bilangan
kuantum utama (n)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.65pt;" valign="top" width="53">
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: .8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47">
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47">
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47">
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nama subkulit</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.65pt;" valign="top" width="53">
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">p<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: .8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: .8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: .8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">G<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #7F7F7F; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-background-themetint: 128; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.5pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: .8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bilangan
kuantum orbital ( l )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.65pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: .8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: .8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: .8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: .8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: .8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #7F7F7F; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-background-themetint: 128; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.5pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: .8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Banyak orbital
(ml = 2l +1)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.65pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: .8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: .8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: .8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: .8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: .8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #7F7F7F; border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-background-themetint: 128; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.5pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: .8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jumlah
elektron (S l = 2 ´ m)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.65pt;" valign="top" width="53">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: .8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: .8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: .8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: .8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: .8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 56.7pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 56.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 56.7pt;">
<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifat Atom<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Salah satu
kelemahan teori atom Bohr adalah keterbatasannya untuk menjelaskan sifat –
sifat atom berelektron banyak. Sifat atom yang dapat diterangkan dengan
menggunakan teori Bohr adalah mengenai tingkat energi elektron dari atom
hidrogen, misalnya tingkat energi berbagai spectrum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Susunan
elektron dalam suatu atom dapat dipakai sebagai dasar untuk mengetahui sifat –
sifat atom tertentu. Pada sebagian unsur, kulit – kulit atom ada yang terisi
elektron dengan penuh dan ada yang tidak penuh. Kulit yang tidak penuh terisi
elektron berada pada kulit yang paling luar. Elektron di kulit terluar ini
dinamakan elektron valensi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengisian
elektron dimulai dari tingkat energi terendah. Konfigurasi yang mantap terdapat
pada subkulit yang terisi penuh. Jika subkulit telah terisi penuh, sisa
elektron akan mengisi subkulit selanjutnya. Jika hanya ada satu elektron yang
mengisi subkulit terluar, elektron ini cenderung mudah lepas,atom menjadi
stabil. Pelepasan elektron ini dapat terjadi dengan cara berikatan dengan atom
lain. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut
teori mekanika gelombang, elektron berada disuatu daerah yang disebut orbital.
Elekron mengelilingi inti dengan suatu rapat probabilitas tertentu. Penyebaran
elektron di dalam suatu atom dipengaruhi oleh atom – atom lain yang berdekatan.
Penyebaran elektron ini mempengaruhi sifat atom misalnya sifat jari – jari
atom. Semakin banyak jumlah proton dan jumlah elektron sehingga saling menarik
antara inti atom dan elektron – elektron akan semakin kuat. Akibatnya, elektron
–elektron lebih dekat kearah inti. Hal ini menyebabkan jari – jari atom akan
semakin kecil. Selain itu, semakin bayaknya jumlah elektron semakin banyak pula
jumlah kulitnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem
Periodik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem
periodik unsur –unsur disusun berdasarkan kenaikan nomor atomnya atau berdasarkan
urutan jumlah elektron. Ternyata, sistem periodik ini dapat menjelaskan sifat –
sifat unsur pada periode dan golongan tertentu dan menjelaskan alasan unsur –
unsur dalam satu periode memiliki sifat – sifat yang berbeda antara golongan
yang satu dengan golongan yang lainnya. Sifat – sifat dalam sistem periodik
dapat diketahui melalui konfigurasi elektronnya sehingga diketahui jumlah
elektron sekitarnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konfigurasi
elektron adalah cara penyusunan dan pengaturan elektron dalam suatu atom.
Aturan penulisan konfigurasi elektron berdasarkan hal-hal berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aturan
Aufbau<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Elektron
mengisi orbital dari tingkat energi yang paling rendah sampai yang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">paling
tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh
: Atom K ® z = 19, konfigurasi elektronnya 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2s 2p<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3s 3p 3d<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4s 4p 4d 4f<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5s 5p 5d 5f<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6s 6p 6d<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aturan Hund<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam orbital yang
setingkat, elektron-elektron tidak boleh berpasangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sebelum seluruh orbital
setingkat terisi oleh sebuah elektron.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Contoh :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 25.6pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="30">
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</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Larangan
Pauli<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada 1925,
Wolfgang Pauli mengemukakan aturan pengisian elektron pada atom, yakni elektron
– elektron cenderung akan menempati energi terendah yang masih mungkin dalam
suatu orbital. Oleh karena jumlah elektron maksimum yang dapat mengisi subkulit
tertentu terbatas. Pauli mengemukakan aturan yang dikenal dengan asas larangan
Pauli. Dalam sabuah atom tidak boleh ada 2 elektron yang menempati keadaan yang
sama, artinya elektron tidak boleh mempunyai keempat bilangan kunatum yang sama
(n, l, mp dan ms).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Energi
Ionisasi dan Elektron Valensi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam
pembentukan senyawa, atom akan menerima dan melepaskan elektronnya. Pelepasan
dan penerimaan elektron ini berhubungan dengan energi ionisasi dan afinitasi
elektron. Selain itu, pelepasan dan penerimaan elektron berhubungan pula dengan
elektron valensi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Energi Ionisasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam suatu periode semakin banyak
elektron dan proton, gaya tarik menarik elektron terluar dengan inti semakin
besar (jari – jari kecil). Akibatnya, elektron sukar dilepas sehingga energi
untuk melepas elektron semakin besar. Hal ini berarti energi ionisasi besar.
Perhatikan gambar, jika jumlah elektronnya sedikit, seperti unsur yang berada
disebelah kiri sistem periodik, gaya tarik menarik elektron dengan inti
lebih kecil ( jari – jari semakin besar ). Akibatnnya energi untuk melepaskan
elektron terluar relative lebih kecil sehingga energi ionisasi mengecil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Afinitas Elektron<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Afinitas
elektron merupakan energi yang terlibat saat suatu atom menerima elektron dari
luar. Atom – atom yang memiliki gaya tarik menarik antara intinya kecil
menunjukkan bahwa afinitas elektron juga kecil, hal – hal yang mempengaruhi
besar kecilnya afinitas elektron yaitu sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Jumlah muatan dalam inti<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Jarak antar inti<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Jumlah elektron dalam atom<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Besarnya
afinitas elektron suatu atom tidak sama dengan dengan energi ionisasi karena
kedua hal tersebut bukan proses kebalikan. Atom – atom yang semakin mudah
menangkap elektron akan memiliki harga afinitas elektron yang semakin besar.
Misalnya atom Na memilki afinitas elektron lebih besar dari pada atom Rb, namun
atom Na memiliki afinitas elektron lebih kecil daripada atom Mg.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Elektron Valensi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Elektron
yang berperan dalam menentukan sifat – sifat fisika
dan kimia adalah elektron yang berada
pada kulit paling luar. Seperti yang telah dijelaskan, elektron ini bisa
disebut sebagai elektron valensi yang sangat berperan dalam menentukan
pembentukan senyawa, adapun untuk kulit yang penuh, elektronnya tidak turut
serta dalam menentukan sifat – sifat tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam sistem
periodik terlihat bahwa dalam satu golongan atom – atom tersebut memiliki
elektron valensiyang sama misalnnya, atom Li memiliki n = 2 yang berarti
terdapat kulit k dan kulit l. kemudian , anda dapat memperhatikan unsur Na yang
memiliki 11 elektron. Dari konfigurasi elektronnya diperoleh n = 3 yang
menandai adanya kulit K, L, dan M. Dua elektron menempati kulit K, 8 elektron
menempeti kulit L, dan 1 elektron menempeti kulit terluar yakni kulit M.
Elektron dikulit M yang berada pada orbital s memiliki spin +1/2 atau spin
–1/2. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">SPEKTRUM EMISI & ABSORPSI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adanya spektrum menunjukkan adanya
tingkat energi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.
<i>Spektrum Emisi<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">·
Dihasilkan dari zat yang memancarkan gelombang elektromagnetik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">·
Dapat diamati denan spektroskop<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">·
Ada 3 jenis :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">spektrum garis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-
dihasilkan oleh gas-gas bertekanan rendah yang dipanaskan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-
terdiri dari garis-garis cahaya monokromatik dengan panjang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">gelombang
tertentu yang merupakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">spektrum pita<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-
Dihasilkan oleh gas dalam keadaan molekuler<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh
gas H2, O2, N2 dan CO<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-
Spektrum yang dihasilkan berupa kelompok-kelompok garis yang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sangat
rapat sehingga membentuk pita-pita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">spektrum kontinue<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-
Spektrum kontinue terdiri atas cahaya dengan semua panjang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">gelombang,
walaupun dengan intensitas yang berbeda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-
Dihasilkan oleh zat padat, zat cair dan gas yang berpijar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.
<i>Spektrum Absorpsi<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-
Terjadi karena penyerapan panjang gelombang tertentu oleh suatu zat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> terhadap radiasi gelombang elektromagnetik
yang memiliki spektrum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> kontinue<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-
Terdiri dari sederetan garis-garis hitam pada spektrum kontinue<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-
Contoh : spektrum matahari<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sepintas spektrum matahari tampak
seperti spektrum kontinue, tetapi jika dicermati akan tampak garis-garis gelap
terang yang disebut garis-garis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fraunhofer.
Hal ini disebabkan cahaya putih dari bagian inti matahari diserap oleh atom-atom
atau molekul-molekul gas dalam atmosfer</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">matahari maupun atmosfer bumi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Buku
paket FISIKA SMA/MA kelas XII penerbit MEDIATAMA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wikipedia
bahasa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Google Search Engine</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Fandria Rexa Buanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01981713111283589087noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4237845876481623968.post-70427734928950890872015-05-25T17:11:00.001-07:002015-05-25T19:02:35.441-07:00KOPERASI<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> KOPERASI</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A. PENGERTIAN KOPERASI</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Penjelasan UUD 1945 menyatakan bahwa bangunan usaha yang sesuai dengan
kepribadian bangsa indonesia adalah koperasi. Koperasi merupakan gerakan
ekonomi rakyat yang dijalankan berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan. inti dari
koperasi adalah kerja sama, yaitu kerja sama diantara anggota dan para pengurus
dalam rangka mewujudkan kesejahteraan anggota dan masyarakat serta membangun
tatanan perekonomian nasional. Sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat, koperasi bukan
hanya milik orang kaya melainkan juga milik oleh seluruh rakyat Indonesia tanpa
terkecuali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa definisi
koperasi yang didapatkan dari berbagai sumber, sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Definisi Koperasi
Menurut ILO <i>( International Labour Organization )</i></span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Definisi koperasi yang lebih detail dan berdampak internasional diberikan oleh
ILO sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Cooperative defined
as an association of persons usually of limited means, who have voluntarily
joined together to achieve a common economic end thorough the formation of a democratically
controlled business organization, making equitable contribution to the capital
required and accepting a fair share of risk and benefits of undertaking”.</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam definisi ILO
tersebut, terdapat 6 elemen yang dikandung koperasi sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· Koperasi adalah
perkumpulan orang – orang <i>( Association of persons ).</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· Penggabungan orang –
orang tersebut berdasar kesukarelaan <i>( Voluntarily joined together ).</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· Terdapat tujuan
ekonomi yang ingin dicapai <i>( to achieve a common economic end ).</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· Koperasi yang
dibentuk adalah satu organisasi bisnis ( badan usaha ) yang diawasi dan
dikendalikan secara demokratis <i>( formation of a democratically
controlled business organization )</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· Terdapat kontribusi
yang adil terhadap modal yang dibutuhkan <i>( making equitable
contribution to the capital required )</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· Anggota koperasi
menerima resiko dan manfaat secara seimbang <i>( Accepting a fair share of
the risk and benefits of the undertaking ).</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Definisi Koperasi
Menurut Chaniago</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Drs. Arifinal Chaniago (1984) dalam bukunya Perkoperasian Indonesia memberikan
definisi, “Koperasi adalah suatu perkumpulan yang beranggotakan orang – orang
atau badan hukum yang memberikan kebebasan masuk dan keluar sebagai anggota
dengan bekerja sama secara kekeluargaan menjalankan usaha untuk mempertinggi
kesejahteraan jasmaniah para anggotanya”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Definisi Koperasi
Menurut Hatta</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Menurut Hatta, untuk disebut koperasi, sesuatu organisasi itu setidak –
tidaknya harus melaksanakan 4 asas. Asas – asas tersebut adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Tidak Boleh dijual
dan dikedaikan barang – barang palsu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. harga barang harus
sama dengan harga pasar setempat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Ukuran harus benar
dan dijamin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Jual beli dengan
Tunai. Kredit dilarang karena menggerakan hati orang untuk membeli diluar
kemampuannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d. Definisi Koperasi
Menurut Munkner</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Munkner mendefinisikan koperasi sebagai organisasi tolong – menolong yang
menjalankan “urusniaga” secara kumpulan, yang berazaskan konsep tolong –
menolong. Aktivitas dalam urusniaga semata – mata bertujuan ekonomi, bukan
social seperti yang dikandung gotong – royong.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e. Definisi Koperasi
Menurut Undang – Undang No. 25 Tahun 1992</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Undang – undang No. 25 tahun 1992, memberikan definisi “Koperasi adalah badan
usaha yang beranggotakan orang – orang atau badan hukum koperasi yang
melandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan
ekonomi rakyat yang berdasar atas asas kekeluargaan”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan batasan
koperasi, koperasi Indonesia mengandung 5 unsur sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· Koperasi adalah
badan usaha <i>( Business Enterprise )</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· Koperasi adalah
kumpulan orang – orang dan atau badan – badan hokum koperasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· Koperasi Indonesia
adalah koperasi yang bekerja berdasarkan “prinsip – prinsip koperasi”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· Koperasi Indonesia
adalah “Gerakan Ekonomi Rakyat”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· Koperasi Indonesia
“berazaskan kekeluargaan”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f. Definisi Koperasi
Menurut Dr. Fay</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Dr. Fay
pada tahun 1908 memberikan definisi, “Koperasi adalah suatu perserikatan dngan
tujuan berusaha bersama yang terdiri atas mereka yang lemah dan diusahakan
selalu dengan semangat tidak memikirkan diri sendiri sedemikian rupa, sehingga
masing – masing sanggup menjalankan kewajibannya sebagai anggota dan mendapat
imbalan sebanding dengan kesempatan mereka terhadap organisasi”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g.Definisi Koperasi
Menurut Calvert</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Calvert
dalam bukunya <i>The Law and Principles Of Cooperation</i> memberikan
definisi, “Koperasi adalah organisasi orang – orang yang hasratnya dilakukan
secara sukarela sebagai manusia atas dasar kesatuan untuk mencapai tujuan
masing – masing”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h. Definisi Koperasi
Menurut ICA <i>( International Cooperation Allience )</i></span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ICA
dalam bukunya “The Cooperative Principles” karangan P.E. Weraman memberikan
definisi sebagai berikut, “ Koperasi adalah kumpulan orang – orang atau badan
hokum yang bertujuan untuk perbaikan social ekonomi anggotanya dengan memenuhi
kebutuhan anggotanya dengan jalan saling membantu antara satu dengan yang
lainnya dengan cara membatasi keuntungan, usaha tersebut harus didasarkan atas
prinsip – prinsip koperasi”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i. Definisi Koperasi
Menurut Prof. Marvin, A. Schaars.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Prof.Marvin, A. Schaars, seorang guru besar dari <i>University Of
Wisconsin, Madison USA,</i> memberikan definisi <i>“A Coorperative is
a business voluntary owned and controlled by is member patrons, and operated
for them and by them an a non profit or cost basis”.</i> Yang artinya,
“Koperasi adalah suatu badan usaha yang secara suka rela dimiliki dan
dikendalikan oleh anggota yang adalah juga pelanggannya dan dioperasikan oleh
mereka dan untuk mereka atas dasar nirlaba atau atas dasar biaya”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">j. Definisi Koperasi
Menurut Undang – undang Koperasi India</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Undang –
undang Koperasi India tahun 1904 yang diperbaharui pada tahun 1912 memberikan
definisi, “Koperasi adalah organisasi masyarakat atau kumpulan orang – orang
yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pendapatan atau mengusahakan kebutuhan
ekonomi para anggotanya sesuai dengan prinsip – prinsip koperasi”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.Landasan koperasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagaimana sebuah bangunan pada tahap awal pendirian memerlukan
pondasi yang menjadi landasan berdirinya bangunan tersebut, begitu juga dengan
koperasi yang memerlukan landasan yang kokoh agar bisa berdiri, landasan
koperasi sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #666666; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Landasan Idiil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Telah ditetapkan Undang – Undang koperasi No. 25 tahun 1992
BabII bahwa landasan Idiil Koperasi adalah Pancasila. Pancasila merupakan jiwa
dan pandangan hidup negara, bangsa, dan masyarakat Indonesia. Pancasila juga
merupakan nilai – nilai unsur yang ingin diwujudkan oleh bangsa Indonesia dalam
kehidupan sehari – hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #666666; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Landasan Struktural<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain menempatkan Pancasila sebagai landasan idiil koperasi
Indonesia, UU no. 25 tahun 1992 Bab II juga menempatkan UUD 1945 sebagai
landasan struktural koperasi Indonesia. Sebagaimana diketahui UUD 1945
merupakan aturan pokok organisasi negara RI yang berdasarkan Pancasila.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #666666; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Landasan Mental<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Landasan mental koperasi Indonesia adalah setia kawan dan
kesadaran pribadi. Landasan itu tercermin dari kehidupan bangsa yang telah
berbudaya, yaitu gotongroyong. Setia kawan merupakan landasan untuk bekerja
sama berdasarkan atas asas kekeluargaan. Kesadaran pribadi merupakan rasa
tanggung jawab dan disiplin terhadap segala peraturan sehingga koperasi akan
terwujud sesuai dengan tujuan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Arti dari lambang koperasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setiap badan usaha memiliki lambang yang menggambarkan simbol
tujuan tersebut. Begitu juga dengan koperasi yang memiliki lambang dan
dilambang itu terdapat makna dari koperasi itu sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://fonihamdila.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/logo-koperasi.gif"><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #9b6745; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rantai<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">, </span>menggambarkanpersahabatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gigi roda,
menggambarkan usaha karaya yang terus menerus dari golongan koperasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kapas dan padi,
menggambarkan kemakmuran rakyat yang diusahakan dan yang akan dicapai golongan
koperasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Timbangan,
menggambarkan keadilan sosial sebagai salah satu dasar dari koperasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bintang dan
perisai, menggambarkan Pancasila dan merupakan landasan idiil dari koperasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pohon beringin,
menggambarkan sifat kemsyarakatan yang berkepribadiaan indonesia dan koperasi
yang kokoh berakar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koperasi indonesia,
menggambarkan bahwa lambang ini adalah lambang kepribadiaan koperasi rakyat
indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: inherit; mso-fareast-font-family: inherit;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Warna merah putih,
menggambarkan sifat nasional dan golongan karya koperasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.ASAS KOPERASI <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koperasi adalah juga
gerakan yang terorganisasi yang didorong oleh cita – cita rakyat mencapai masyarakat
yang maju, adil dan makmur seperti yang diamanatkan oleh UUD 1945 khususnya
pasal 33 ayat (1) yang menyatakan bahwa :</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Perekonomian disusun
sebagai usaha bersama berdasar atas asas kekeluargaan”. Dan “bangun perusahaan
yang sesuai dengan itu ialah koperasi”. Karena dorongan cita – cita rakyat itu,
undang – undang tentang perkoperasian No. 25 Tahun 1992 menyatakan bahwa
koperasi selain badan usaha juga adalah gerakan ekonomi rakyat.</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D. TUJUAN KOPERASI</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Tujuan utama koperasi adalah mewujudkan masyarakat adil makmur material dan
spiritual berdasarkan Pancasila dan Undang – Undang Dasar 1945.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam BAB II Pasal 3
Undang – undang RI No. 25 Tahun 1992, menyatakan bahwa koperasi bertujuan
untuk:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Memajukan
kesejahteraan anggota pada khususnya dan masyarakat pada umumnya serta ikut
membangun tatanan perekonomian nasional dalam rangka mewujudkan masyarakat yang
maju, adil dan makmur berlandaskan Pancasila dan Undang – undang Dasar 1945”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut Bang Hatta,
tujuan koperasi bukanlah mencari laba yang sebesar-besarnya, melainkan melayani
kebutuhan bersama dan wadah partisipasi pelaku ekonomi skala kecil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Tujuan khusus sesuai dengan anggaran
dasar pembentukan koperasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E. FUNGSI dan PERAN KOPERASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi koperasi
tertuang dalam pasal 4 UU No. 25 Tahun 1992 tentang perkoperasian, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membangun dan
mengembangkan potensi dan kemampuan ekonomi anggota pada khususnya dan
masyarakat pada umumnya untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan ekonomi dan sosialnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berperan serta aktif
dalam upaya mempertinggi kualitas kehidupan manusia dan masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memperkokoh
perekonomian rakyat sebagai dasar kekuatan dan ketahanan perekonomian nasional
dengan koperasi sebagai gurunya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berusaha untuk
mewujudkan dan mengembangkan perekonomian nasional yang merupakan usaha bersama
berdasar atas azas kekeluargaan dan demokrasi ekonomi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">G. PRINSIP – PRINSIP
KOPERASI</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prinsip – prinsip
koperasi adalah garis –garis penuntun yang digunakan oleh koperasi untuk
melaksanakan nilai – nilai tersebut dalam praktik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prinsip
pertama : keanggotaan Sukarela dan Terbuka</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koperasi – koperasi
adalah perkumpulan – perkumpulan sukarela, terbuka bagi semua orang yang mampu
menggunakan jasa – jasa perkumpulan dan bersedia menerima tanggung jawab
keanggotaan, tanpa diskriminasi jender, social, rasial, politik atau agama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prisip
kedua : Pengendalian oleh Anggota Secara demokratis</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koperasi – koperasi
adalah perkumpulan – perkumpulan demokratis yang dikendalikan oleh para anggota
secara aktif berpartisipasi dalam penetapan kebijakan – kebijakan perkumpulan
dan mengambil keputusan – keputusan. Pria dan wanita mengabdi sebagai
wakil – wakil yang dipilih, bertanggung jawab kepada para anggota. Dalam
koperasi primer anggota – anggota mempunyai hak – hak suara yang sama ( satu
anggota, satu suara ), dan koperasi pada tingkatan – tingkatan lain juga di
atur secara demokratis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prinsip
ketiga : Partisipasi Ekonomi Anggota</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anggota – anggota
menyumbang secara adil dan mengendalikan secara demokrasi modal dari koperasi
mereka. Sekurang – kurangnya sebagian dari modal tersebut biasanya merupakan
milik bersama dari koperasi. Anggota – anggota biasanya menerima kompensasi
yang terbatas, bilamana ada, terhadap modal. Anggota – anggota membagi surplus
– surplus untuk sesuatu atau tujuan – tujuan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Pengembangan
koperasi – koperasi mereka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Kemungkinan dengan
membentuk cadangan sekurang – kurangnya sebagian padanya tidak dapat dibagi –
bagi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Pemberian manfaat
kepada anggota – anggota sebanding dengan transaksi – transaksi mereka dengan
koperasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Mendukung kegiatan –
kegiatan yang disetujui oleh anggota<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prinsip
keempat : Otonomi Dan Kebebasan</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koperasi – koperasi
bersifat otonom, merupakan perkumpulan – perkumpulan yang menolong diri sendiri
dan dikendalikan oleh anggota – anggotanya. Koperasi – koperasi mengadakan
kesepakatan –kesepakatan dengan perkumpulan – perkumpulan lain, termasuk
pemerintah, atau memperoleh modal dari sumber – sumber luar, dan hal itu
dilakukan dengan persyaratan – persyaratan yang menjamin adanya pengendalian
anggota – anggota serta dipertahankannya ekonomi koperasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prinsip
kelima : Pendidikan, Pelatihan, dan Informasi</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koperasi – koperasi
menyelenggarakan pendidikan dan pelatihan bagi anggota – anggotanya, para wakil
yang dipilih, manajer dan karyawan, sehingga mereka dapat memberikan sumbangan
yang efektif bagi perkembangan koperasi – koperasi mereka. Mereka memberi
informasi kepada masyarakat umum, khususnya orang – orang muda pemimpin –
pemimpin opini masyarakat mengenai sifat dan kemanfaatan – kemanfaatan
kerjasama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prinsip
keenam : Kerjasama diantara Koperasi</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koperasi – koperasi
akan dapat memberikan pelayanan paling efektif kepada para anggota dan
memperkuat gerakan koperasi dengan cara bekerja sama melalui struktur –
struktur local, nasional, regional, dan internasional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prinsip
ketujuh : Kepedulian Terhadap Komunitas</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koperasi – koperasi
bekerja bagi pembangunan yang berkesinambungan dari komunikasi – komunitas
mereka melalui kebijakan – kebijakan yang disetujui oleh anggota – anggotanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa prinsip –
prinsip koperasi yang didapatkan dari berbagai sumber, sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prinsip menurut
Munkner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hans H. Munkner
menyarikan 12 prinsip koperasi yang ditunkan dari 7 variabel gagasan umum
sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7 variabel gagasan
umum :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menolong diri sendiri
berdasarkan kesetiakawanan ( self-help based on solidarity )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Demokrasi ( democracy
)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kekuatan modal tidak
diutamakan ( neutaralited Capital )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ekonomi ( Economy )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebebasan ( Liberty )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keadilan ( Equity )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memajukan kehidupan
social melalui pendidikan ( Social Advancement Through Education )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12 Prinsip koperasi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keanggotaan bersifat
sukarela (Valuntarily membership )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keanggotaan terbuka ( Open
membership )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengembangan anggota (
Member Promotion )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Identitas sebagai
pemilik dan pelanggan ( Identity of co-owners and customers )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manajemen dan
pengawasan dilaksanakan secara demokratis (Democratic management and control)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koperasi sebagai
kumpulan orang – orang ( Personal Cooperation)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Modal yang berkaitan
dengan aspek social tidak dibagi (Indivisible social capital)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Efisiensi ekonomi dari
perusahaan koperasi (Economic efficiency of the cooperative enterprise)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkumpulan dengan
sukarela ( Valuntarily association )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebebasan dalam
pengambilan keputusan dan penetapan tujuan (Autonomy in goal setting and the
decision making)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendistribusi yang
adil dan merata akan hasil – hasil ekonomi (Fair and just distribution of
economic result)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendidikan anggota (
Member Education )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
2. Prinsip menurut Rochdale ( Equitable Pioner’s Rochdale )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Prinsip – prinsip koperasi rochdale menurut bentuk dan sifat aslinya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengawasan secara
demokratis ( Democratic Control )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keanggotaan yang
terbuka ( Open membership )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bunga atas modal
dibatasi ( a fixed or limited interest on capital )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembagian sisa hasil
usaha ( SHU ) kepada anggota sebanding dengan jasa masing – masing anggota (
The distribution of surplus in dividend to the members in proportion to their
purchases )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penjualan sepenuhnya
dengan tunai ( Trading strictly on a cash basis )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Barang – barang yang
dijual harus asli dan tidak dipalsukan ( Selling only pure and unadulterated
goods )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Netral terhadap
politik dan agama ( Political and religious neutrality )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prinsip – prinsip
koperasi Rochdale ini selanjutnya merupakan landasan kerja koperasi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembelian barang
secara tunai<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Harga jual sama dengan
harga barang pasar setempat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mutu barang baik,
timbangan dan ukurannya benar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemberian bunga atas
modal dibatasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keuntungan dibagi
berdasarkan banyaknya pembelian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagian keuntungan
dipergunakan untuk cadangan dana pendidikan, dan dana social<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keanggotaan terbuka
untuk umum, netral terhadap agama dan politik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
3. Prinsip menurut Raiffeisen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Prinsip Raiffeisen adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Swadaya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daerah kerja terbatas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SHU untuk cadangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanggung jawab anggota
tidak terbatas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengurus bekerja atas
dasar kesukarelaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usaha hanya kepada
anggota<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keanggotaan atas dasar
watak, bukan uang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk itu Raiffeisen
memupuk modal dari para pemilik modal dengan bunga yang sangat rendah. Landasan
dan cara kerja yang ditempuh oleh F.W Raiffeisen adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Petani dibiasakan
untuk menabung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adanya pengawasan
terhadap pemakaian kredit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keanggotaan dibatasi
agar antar anggota dapat saling mengenal dan dapat bekerja sama dengan baik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengelolaan oleh
anggota dan tidak mendapat upah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">keuntungan bersih
menjadi milik bersama<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koperasi ini menjadi
kredit union dan Basnk Perkreditan Rakyat yang kemudian dikenal sebagai Bank
Raiffeisen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
4. Prinsip menurut Schulze<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Untuk membentuk koperasi kredit atau Bank Tabungan Kredit adalah dengan cara :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membeli saham untuk
menjadi anggota<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengumpulkan modal
dari penyambung yang mau memberikan uangnya sebagai modal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membatasi pinjaman
untuk jangka pendek<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menetapkan wilayah
kerja diperkotaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menggaji para pengurus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membagi keuntungan
kepada para anggota<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Herman Schulze yang
dikembangkan didaerah pinggiran kota ( urban ). Inti prinsip Herman Schulze
adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Swadaya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SHU untuk cadanan dan
untuk dibagikan kepada anggotanya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanggung jawab anggota
terbatas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengurus bekerja
dengan mendapatkan imbalan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Usaha tidak terbatas
tidak hanya untuk anggota<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
5. Prinsip menurut ICA ( International Cooperative Allience )
ICA ( International
Cooperative alliance ) yang didirikan pada tahun 1895 merupakan organisasi
gerakan koperasi yang tertinggi didunia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam BAB IV Undang –
undang NO. 12 Tahun 1967 yang membahas asas dan sendi dasar koperasi, dimana
dikatakan bahwa asas koperasi adalah kekeluargaan dan kegotong – royongan,
sednagkan dalam sendi dasar koperasdi di antaranya dimasukan keanggotaan yang
sukarela, pembagian sisa hasil usaha diatur menurut masing – masing anggota,
pembatasan bunga atas modal dan sebagainya, yang semua ini oleh ICA
dikelompokkan sebagai Cooperative Principles.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sidang ICA pada tahun
1966 merumuskan prinsip – prinsip koperasi, dirinci sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Keanggotaan koperasi
secara terbuka tanpa adanya pembatasan yang dibuat – buat ( Open and
voluntarily membership )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Kepimpinan yang
demokrasi atas dasar satu orang satu suara (Democratic control – one member one
vote)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Modal menerima bunag
yang terbatas, itupun bila ada ( Limited interest of capital )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* SHU dibagi tiga :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)
Sebagian untuk cadangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)
Sebagian untuk masyarakat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)
Sebagian untuk dibagikan kembali kepada anggota sesuai dengan jasa masing –
masing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Semua koperasi harus
melaksanakan pendidikan secara terus menerus (Promotion of Education)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Gerakan koperasi
harus melaksanakan kerja sama yang erat, baik di tingkat regional, nasional,
maupu internasional (Intercooperative network)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
6. Prinsip menurut M.M Coady<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M.M Coady
mengembangkan bentuk koperasi dengan cara mengadakan pendidikan kepada orang
yang telah dewasa. Lembaga pendidikan formal yang membantu mengembangkan
koprasi tersebut adalah Coady International Institute di Kanada.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. Prinsip – prinsip
koperasi Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> *
Menurut Undang – undang No.12 Yahun 1967<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika dilihat dari sejarah
perundang – undangan koperasi Indonesia, maka sejak Indonesia merdeka sudah ada
empat undang – undang menyangkut perkoperasian, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)
Undang – undang No. 79 Tahu 1958 tentang perkumpulan koperasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)
Undang – undang No. 14 Tahun 1965<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)
Undang – undang No. 12 Tahun 1967 tentang pokok- pokok perkoperasian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)
Undang – undang No. 25 Tahun 1992 tentang perkoperasian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prinsip – prinsip atau
sendi – sendi dasar koperasi menurut undang – undang No. 12 tahun 1967, adalah
sebagai berikut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sifat keanggotaannya
sukarela dan terbuka untuk setiap warga Negara Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rapat Anggota
merupakan kekuasaan tertinggi sebagai pencerminan demokrasi dalam koperasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembagian SHU diatur
menurut jasa masing – masing anggota<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adanya pembatasan
bunga atas modal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengembangkan
kesejahteraan anggota khususnya dan masyarakat umumnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usaha dan
ketatalaksanaannya bersifat terbuka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Swadaya, swakarta, dan
swasembada sebagai pencerminan prinsip dasar percaya diri sendiri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Menurut Undang –
undang No. 25 Tahun 1992<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prinsip – prinsip
menurut undang – undang No. 25 tahun 1992 Pasal 5 dan yang berlaku saat ini di
Indonesia disebutkan prinsip koperasi adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)
Keanggotaan bersifat sukarela dan terbuka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)
Pengelolaan dilakukan secara demokratis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)
Pembagian Sisa Hasil Usaha ( SHU ) dilakukan secara adil sebanding dengan
besarnya jasa usaha masing – masing anggota (andil anggota tersebut dalam
koperasi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)
Pemberian balas jasa terhadap modal terbatas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5)
Kemandirian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6)
Pendidikan perkoperasian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7)
Kerjasama antar koperasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> http://arievaldo.wordpress.com/2011/10/03/pengertian-tujuan-dan-prinsip-prinsip-koperasi/</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 13.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="9164801374567334496"></a><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H. Bentuk Organisasi dan Manajemen</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Menurut Hanel :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Suatu sistem sosial
ekonomi atau sosial tehnik yang terbuka dan berorientasi pada tujuan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Sub sistem koperasi
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">individu (pemilik dan
konsumen akhir)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengusaha
Perorangan/kelompok ( pemasok /supplier)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Badan Usaha yang
melayani anggota dan masyarakat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Menurut Ropke :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Identifikasi Ciri
Khusus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kumpulan sejumlah
individu dengan tujuan yang sama (kelompok koperasi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelompok usaha untuk
perbaikan kondisi sosial ekonomi (swadaya kelompok koperasi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemanfaatan koperasi
secara bersama oleh anggota (perusahaan koperasi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koperasi bertugas
untuk menunjang kebutuhan para anggotanya (penyediaan barang dan jasa)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Sub sistem<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anggota Koperasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Badan Usaha Koperasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Organisasi Koperasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Di Indonesia :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Bentuk : Rapat
Anggota, Pengurus, Pengelola dan Pengawas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•Rapat Anggota,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Wadah anggota untuk
mengambil keputusan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Pemegang Kekuasaan
Tertinggi, dengan tugas :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penetapan Anggaran
Dasar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebijaksanaan Umum
(manajemen, organisasi & usaha koperasi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemilihan,
pengangkatan & pemberhentian pengurus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rencana Kerja, Rencana
Budget dan Pendapatan sertapengesahan Laporan Keuangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengesahan pertanggung
jawaban<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembagian SHU<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penggabungan,
pendirian dan peleburan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk organisasi
koperasi menurut Hanel<br />
Merupakan bentuk koperasi / organisasi yang tanpa memperhatikan bentuk hukum
dan dapat didefiniskan dengan pengertian hokum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk organisasi
koperasi menurut Ropke<br />
Koperasi merupakan bentuk organisasi bisnis yang para anggotanya adalah juga
pelanggar utama dari perusahaan tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Bentuk
organisasi di Indonesia<br />
Merupakan suatu susunan tanggung jawab para anggotanya yang melalui hubungan
dan kerjasama dalam organisasi perusahaan tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Hirarki Tanggung
Jawab</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Pengurus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Seseorang yang bertugas, Mengelola koperasi dan usahanya, Mengajukan rancangan
Rencana kerja, <i>budget</i> dan belanja koperasi, Menyelenggaran
Rapat Anggota, Mengajukan laporan keuangan & pertanggung jawaban, <i>Maintenance </i>daftar
anggota dan pengurus, Wewenang, Mewakili koperasi di dalam & luar
pengadilan, Meningkatkan peran koperasi<br />
<br />
Pengelola<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Karyawan
/ Pegawai yang diberikan kuasa & wewenang oleh pengurus untuk mengembangkan
usaha dengan efisien & professional, Hubungannya dengan pengurus bersifat
kontrak kerja, dan dapat diangkat serta diberhentikan oleh pengurus.<br />
<br />
Pengawas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Adalah Perangkat organisasi yang dipilih dari anggota dan diberi mandat
untuk melakukan pengawasan terhadap jalannya organisasi & usaha koperasi<br />
UU 25 Th. 1992 pasal 39:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bertugas untuk
melakukan pengawasan kebijakan dan pengelolaan koperasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berwenang untuk
meneliti catatan yang ada & mendapatkan segala keterangan yang diperlukan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Pola Manajemen
Koperasi</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Pengertian Manajemen dan Perangkat Organisasi<br />
<br />
• Definisi Paul Hubert Casselman dalam bukunya berjudul “ The Cooperative
Movement and some of its Problems” yang mengatakan bahwa :“Cooperation is an
economic system with social content”.<br />
<br />
• Artinya koperasi harus bekerja menurut prinsip-prinsip ekonomi dengan
melandaskan pada azas-azas koperasi yang mengandung unsur-unsur sosial di
dalamnya.<br />
<br />
• Unsur sosial yang terkandung dalam prinsip koperasi lebih menekankan kepada
hubungan antar anggota, hubungan anggota dengan pengurus, tentang hak suara,
cara pembagian dari sisa hasil usaha dan sebagainya seperti yang dapat kita
lihat dalam:<br />
<br />
• Kesamaan derajat yang diwujudkan dalam “one man one vote” dan “no voting by
proxy”.<br />
• Kesukarelaan dalam keanggotaan<br />
• Menolong diri sendiri (self help)<br />
• Persaudaraan/kekeluargaan (fraternity and unity)<br />
• Demokrasi yang terlihat dan diwujudkan dalam cara pengelolaan dan pengawasan
yang dilakukan oleh anggota.<br />
• Pembagian sisa hasil usaha proporsional dengan jasa-jasanya.<br />
• Definisi Manajemen menurut Stoner adalah suatu proses perencanaan,
pengorganisasian, pengarahan, dan pengawasan usaha-usaha para anggota
organisasi dan penggunaan sumberdayasumberdaya organisasi lainnya agar mencapai
tujuan organisasi yang telah ditetapkan.<br />
<br />
• Menurut Prof. Ewell Paul Roy, Ph.D mengatakan bahwa manajemen koperasi
melibatkan 4 unsur (perangkat) yaitu:<br />
a). Anggota<br />
b). Pengurus<br />
c). Manajer<br />
d). Karyawan merupakan penghubung antara manajemen dan anggota pelanggan<br />
<br />
• Sedangkan menurut UU No. 25/1992 yang termasuk Perangkat Organisasi Koperasi
adalah:<br />
Rapat Anggota<br />
• Setiap anggota koperasi mempunyai hakdan kewajiban yang sama. Seorang anggota
berhak menghadiri rapat anggota dan memberikan suara dalam rapat anggota serta
mengemukakan pendapat dan saran kepada pengurus baaik di luar maupun di dalam
rapat anggota. Anggota juga harus ikut serta mengadakan pengawasan atas
jalannya organisasi dan usaha koperasi.<br />
<br />
Anggota secara keseluruhan menjalankan manajemen dalam suatu rapat anggota
dengan menetapkan:<br />
• Anggaran dasar<br />
• Kebijaksanaan umum serta pelaksanaan keputusan koperasi<br />
• Pemilihan/pengangkatan/pemberhentian pengurus dan pengawas<br />
• Rencana kerja, pertanggungjawaban pengurus dalam pelaksanaan tugasnya<br />
• PembagianSHU<br />
• Penggabungan, peleburan, pembagian dan pembubaran koperasi.<br />
<br />
Pengurus Koperasi<br />
Menurut Leon Garayon dan Paul O. Mohn mdalam bukunya “The Board of Directions
of Cooperatives” fungsi pengurus adalah:<br />
<br />
• Pusat pengambil keputusan tertinggi<br />
• Pemberi nasihat<br />
• Pengawas atau orang yang dapat dipercaya<br />
• Penjaga berkesinambungannya organisasi<br />
• Simbol<br />
Ropke J ( 1988 ) => Teori Tripartiet<br />
<br />
Partisipasi Anggota yang efektif dipengaruhi oleh :<br />
1. Kesesuaian antara Output program koperasi dengan kebutuhan dan keinginan
para anggotanya<br />
2. Permintaan anggota dengan keputusan – keputusan pelayanan koperasi<br />
3. Tugas koperasi dengan kemampuan manajemen koperasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Keberhasilan perkembangan koperasi ditentukan oleh 3 faktor , Yaitu :<br />
a) Partisipasi anggota<br />
b) Profesionalisme manajemen<br />
c) Faktor Eksternal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Tingkat partisipasi anggota ditentukan oleh beberapa faktor , Yaitu :<br />
a) Besarnya nilai manfaat pelayanan koperasi baik secara ekonomis maupun
nonekonomis<br />
b) Karakter dan/ atau motivasi individu baik secara utilitarian maupun normatif<br />
<br />
Faktor Yg Mempengaruhi keberhasilan koperasi dan partisipasi anggota<br />
Kondisi Lingk. (Alam Sosial dan Ekonomi) => Iklim Usaha => Perkembangan /
Keberhasilan Koperasi <= Sarana Usaha & Manajemen => Manfaat Ekonomi
& Manfaat Non Ekonomi =><br />
Partisipasi Anggota <= Karakter individu & manfaat ekonomi =>
Perkembangan / Keberhasilan Koperasi<br />
<br />
Keadaan sosial dan ekonomi Individu anggota => Motivasi & Utilitarian
Normatif<br />
• Bentuk – bentuk partisipasi anggota menurut Hanel. A (1985) Adalah :<br />
1. Sebagai pemilik, anggota berkewajiban untuk turut aktif dalam pengambilan
keputusan, evaluasi dan pengawasan<br />
2. Sebagai pemilik, anggota berkewajiban menyetorkan simpanan untuk memodali
koperasinya<br />
3. Sebagai pelanggan atau pengguna, anggota berhak dan sekaligus berkewajiban
memanfaatkan pelayanan barang jasa koperasinya<br />
<br />
Pendekatan Sistem pada Koperasi<br />
• Menurut Draheim koperasi mempunyai sifat ganda yaitu:<br />
- organisasi dari orang-orang dengan unsur eksternal ekonomi dan sifat-sifat
sosial (pendekatan sosiologi).<br />
- perusahaan biasa yang harus dikelola sebagai layaknya perusahaan biasa dalam
ekonomi pasar (pendekatan neo klasik).<br />
<br />
Interprestasi dari Koperasi sebagai Sistem<br />
• Kompleksitas dari perusahaan koperasi adalah suatu sistem yang terdiri dari
orang-orang dan<br />
alat-alat teknik. Sistem ini dinamakan sebagai Socio technological system yang
selanjutnya terjadi hubungan dengan lingkungan sehingga dapat dianggap sebagai
sistem terbuka, sistem ini<br />
ditujukan pada target dan dihadapkan dengan kelangkaan sumber-sumber yang
digunakan.<br />
<br />
Cooperative Combine<br />
• Adalah sistem sosio teknis pada substansinya, sistem terbuka pada
lingkungannya, sistem dasar target pada tugasnya dan sistem ekonomi pada
penggunaan sumber-sumber.<br />
Contoh : Cooperative Interprise Combine : Koperasi penyediaan alat pertanian,
serba usaha, kerajinan, dan industri. Tugas usaha pada Sistem Komunikasi (BCS)<br />
<br />
• The Businnes function Communication System (BCS) adalah sistem hubungan
antara unit-unit usaha anggota dengan koperasi yang berhubungan dengan pelaksanaan
dari perusahaan koperasi untuk unit usaha anggotaa mengenai beberapa tugas
perusahaan.<br />
Sistem Komunikasi antar anggota (The Interpersonal Communication System (ICS)<br />
<br />
• ICS adalah hubungan antara orang-orang yang berperan aktif dalam unit usaha
anggota dengan koperasi yang berjalan.<br />
<br />
• ICS meliputi pembentukan/terjadi sistem target dalam koperasi gabungan.<br />
Sistem Informasi Manajemen<br />
<br />
Anggota<br />
• Koordinasi dari suatu sistem yang ada melicinkan jalannya Cooperative Combine
(CC), koordinasi yang terjadi selalu lewat informasi dan dengan sendirinya
membutuhkan informasi yang baik.<br />
• Manajemen memberikan informasi pada anggota, informasi yang khusus untuk
penganalisaan<br />
hubungan organisasi dan pemecahan persoalan seoptimal mungkin.<br />
Dimensi struktural dari Cooperative Combine (CC)<br />
• Konfigurasi ekonomi dari individu membentuk dasar untuk pengembangaaan lebih
lanjut.<br />
• Sifat-sifat dari anggota : sifat dari orang atau anggota organisasi serta
sudut pandang anggota.<br />
• Intensitas kerjasama : semakin banyak anggota semakin tinggi intensitas
kerjasama atau tugas<br />
manajemen.<br />
• Distribusi kemampuan dalam menentukan target dan pengambilan keputusan.<br />
• Formalisasi kerjasama, fleksibilitas kerjasama dalam jangka panjang dan dapat
menerima dan menyesuaikan perubahan.<br />
• Stabilitas kerjasama.<br />
• Tingkat stabilitas dalam CC ditentukan oleh sifat anggota dalam soal
motivasi, kebutuhan<br />
bergabung dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Fandria Rexa Buanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01981713111283589087noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4237845876481623968.post-71197519244224303872015-04-27T18:48:00.001-07:002021-12-23T03:45:16.525-08:00Artikel Laporan Kunjungan<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> Perjalanan Panjang Selembar
Berita</span></b><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN"> Hey,
apa kabar ? Gimana nih hari - harimu? O ya, kalian pasti tahu koran Kedaulatan
Rakyat kan. Iya, itu lho koran tertua di Indonesia sekaligus terbesar di jogja.
Meskipun Sifatnya masih koran regional tapi termasuk 7 koran terbesar di
indonesia lho, tidak kalah sama koran nasional yang membawahi 3 koran swasta
(Kedaulatan Rakyat, MErapi, Minggu Pagi) dan satu situs berita online. Nah,
kali ini kita akan mencoba mengulik mencari tahu lebih jauh ( krjogja.com)
bagaimana sih prosesnya sebuah berita sampai menjadi koran? Tujuannya bahas ini
sih cuman pengen tahu dan nambah ilmu pengetahuan.So, here we go.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN"> Koran
Kedaulatan Rakyat didirikan oleh H.
Samawi dna Malikan Wonokito pada hari Rabu tanggal 27 Februari 1945. Bapak Haji
Samawi ini adalah bapaknya mantan Bupati kabupaten Bantul bapak Idham Samawi.
Katanya Koran ini didirikan atas permintaan rakyat pada saat itu, dan agar
koran itu mau dibaca oleh orang banyak sehingga dibagikan gratis meskpin hanya
sementara waktu( takut bangkrut bro!). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN"> Koran
ini berkembang yang kemudian pada tahun 1974 membeli sebuah mesin yang bernama
Gost Comodity yang berasal dari dari negara Kanada. Kemudian pada tahun 1985
membeli mesin Unimen berasal dari Jerman, mesin ini dapat menghasilkan 35.000
eksemplar setiap jamnya yang hanya dapat di tandingi oleh mesin Gos Mectec dari
China yang dapat menghasilkan 37.000 eksemplar setiap jamnya dan warna yang
dihasilkan ada 4 yakni Coan, Magenta, Yellow dan Black. Koran ini mencetak 100
- 100.000 eksemplar semalam menggunakan kertas ospek yang satu gulung bersarnya
seharga Rp 5.000.000.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN"> Sistem
dari mencari berita sampai disebarkannya koran cukup panjang dimulai dengan
rapat setiap pagi pukul 02.00-09.00 untuk menentukan program. Kemudian
dilanjutkan dengan hunting berita, menurut ibu Suci selaku redaksi KR berita
itu terdiri dari 2 jenis. Yang pertama yakni berita yang datang sendiri seperti
bencana alam atau kunjungan organisasi ke KR dan yang kedua yaitu berita yang
dicari seperti KPK VS Polri yang sedang ramai akhir - akhir ini. Kemudian
setelah hunting dilanjutkan dengan writing yang melakukannya hanya beberapa
wartawan, writing dilakukan dengan rumus 5W + 1H. 1 wartawan bs menulis 2-3
berita dengan 3 deadline, yakni pukul 15.00, 18.00 dan 21.00. Setelah itu di
lakukan correcting, setelah correcting diberikan kepada bagian redaktur
kemduian diserahkan bagian design kemudian diberikan ke bagian setting (lay
out). Setelah itu kembali ke redaktur ke bagian setting baru setelah itu di
serahkan ke bagian film yang kemduian dilakukan proses platting dan baru
kemuidan dicetak yang mulai dicetak mulai pukul 23.00 - 02.00 dan distribusi
dilakukan pukul 02.00 - 03.00 yang
didistribusikan melalui 9 kantor perwakilan di luar Yogyakarta yang di kirim
dengan truks box melalui loket di KR.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN"> Strategi
penjualan dengan memanfaatkan fanatisme masyarakat, pemasaran yang
tersegmentasi dan peran masyarakat. Modal dari pembuatan atau percetakan 50 %
berasal dari sponsor iklan. Buat kalian yang mau mengirim berita syaratnya yang
penting Up to Date kecuali mau kirim karya ke rubrik KACA yang khusus pelajar
punya. Alamat KR berada di jalan Mangkubumi nomor 45-46 atau dikirim via e-mail
redaksikaer@gmail.com. Kalo kalian mau kerja di KR syaratnya kalian minimal
syaratnya S1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN"> Dan itu hasil kunjungan kru Buletin Esemanis ke kantor Kedaulatan Rakyat yang
merupakan pengalaman luar biasa. Semoga ini bisa membantu dan membuat kita
sadar bahwa mencari berita seharga Rp.3000 itu tidak mudah serta lebih memahami
sistem sebuah koran dalam menyusun berita yang mungkin akan membantu kita akan
jika bekerja di bidang ini suatu saat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN">Fandria Rexa Buana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Fandria Rexa Buanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01981713111283589087noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4237845876481623968.post-45663932603549414292015-04-20T18:47:00.003-07:002015-04-20T18:47:36.084-07:00Kerja Sama Antar Perusahaan (BUMS)<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Penggabungan adalah
usaha untuk menggabungkan suatu perusahaan dengan satu atau lebih perusahaan
lain ke dalam satu kesatuan ekonomi, sebagai sarana untuk memperoleh keuntungan
atau menaikkan produktifitas perusahaan, memperbesar perusahaan, meningkatkan efisiensi,
menghilangkan atau mengurangi resiko persaingan, menjamin tersedianya pasokan
atau penjualan dan distribusi,sebagai upaya untuk memperluas usaha, dan
sebagainya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bentuk-Bentuk Kerja Sama
Perusahaan (BUMS)</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. Joint Venture</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">PENGERTIAN JOINT VENTURE
DAN PENGATURANNYA</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pengertian Joint Venture
dan Pengaturanya</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk memperluas
bisnisnya, dua atau lebih perusahaan independen biasanya menyetor modal bersama
untuk menciptakan perusahaan baru. Joint venture adalah kerja sama beberapa
pihak untuk menyelenggarakan usaha bersama dalam jangka waktu tertentu.
Biasanya kerja sama berakhir setelah tujuan tercapai atau pekerjaan selesai.
Perbedaan antara joint venture dengan persekutuan firma (CV) adalah umur joint
venture jauh lebih pendek dari pada umur persekutuan yang biasa.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Anggota joint venture
disebut venture / partner / sekutu. Sekutu bisa perseorangan, persekutuan
(firma atau CV), dan bisa pula perseroan terbatas (PT). Pada umumnya, semua
sekutu ikut mengelola jalannya perusahaan. Salah satunya sebagai managing
partner atau sekutu pemimpin.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pengaturan Joint
Venture:</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pasal 23 UU Nomor 1
Tahun 1967 tentang Penanaman Modal Asing</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">PP Nomor 17 Tahun 1992
jo. PP Nomor 7 Tahun 1993 tentang Pemilik Saham Perusahaan Penanaman Modal
Asing</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">PP Nomor 20 Tahun 1994
tentang Pemilikan Saham dalam Perusahaan yang Didirikan dalam Rangka Penanaman
Modal Asing</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">SK Menteri Negara
Penggerak Dana Investasi/Ketua Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal Nomor:
15/SK/1994 tentang Ketentuan Pelaksanaan Pemilikan Saham dalam Perusahaan yang Didirikan
dalam Rangka Penanaman Modal asing.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jenis-Jenis Kontrak
Joint Venture:</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Joint Venture domestic</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Joint Venture
internasioanal</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Menurut pasal 8 ayat (1)
SK Menteri Negara Penggerak Dana Investasi/Ketua Badan Koordinasi Penanaman
Modal Nomor: 15/SK?1994 tentang Ketentuan Pelaksanaan Pemilikan Saham dalam
Perusahaan yang Didirikan dalam Rangka Penanaman Modal Asing, bidang usaha yang
wajib mendirikan perusahaan Joint Venture adalah:</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pelabuhan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Produksi, transmisi dan
distribusi tenaga listrik untuk umum</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Telekomunikasi</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pelayanan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Penerbangan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Air minum</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kereta api umum</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pembengkit tenaga atom</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mass media</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Faktor PMA wajib
mengadakan usaha patungan (Joint Venture) dengan perusahaan domestic adalah
kerena usaha-usaha tersebut tergolong penting bagi Negara dan menguasai hajat
hidup orang banyak. Sedangkan yang dilarang untuk penanaman modal asing adalah
bidang-bidang yang berkaitan dengan pertahanan Negara, sperti produksi senjata,
mesiu, alat-alat peledaj dan peralatan perang.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Manfaat Joint Venture:</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Menurut Raaymakers,
manfaat dari kontrak Joint Venture:</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pembetasan resiko</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pembiayaan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Menghemat tenaga</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rentabilitas</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kemungkinan optimasi
know-how</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kemungkinan pembetasan
kongkurensi (saling ketergantungan)</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bentuk dan Substansi
Kontrak Joint Venture</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Menurut Raaysmaker,
unusr-unsurpokok yang perlu termuat dalam kontrak Joint Vneture:</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Uraian tenteng
pihak-pihak di dalam kontrak</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pertimbangan atau
konsiderans</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Uraian tentang tujuan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Waktu</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ketentuan-ketantuan
perselisihan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Organisasi dari
kerjasama</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pembiayaan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dasar penilaian</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hubungan khusu antara
partner dan perusahaan Joint Venture</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Peralihan saham</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bentuk hukum dan pilihan
hukum</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pemasukan oleh partner</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Para Pihak dan Objek
dalam Kontrak Joint Venture :</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Para pihak yang terkait
dalam kontrak ini adalah perusahaan penanaman modal asig (PMA) dengar warga
Negara Indonesia dan/atau badan hukum Indonesia. Badan hukum Indinesia ini
terdiri dari Bdan Usaha Milik Negara, Badan Usaha Milik Daerah, Koperasi,
perusahaan PMA, perusahaan PMDN, perusahaan Non-PMA/PMDN.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Objek dari kontrak Joint
Venture adalah adanya kerja sama patungan antara perusahaan penanaman modal
asing (PMA) dengan warga Negara Indonesia dan/atau bahan hukum Indonesia.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jangka Waktu Kontrak
Joint Venture :</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ditentukan oleh para
pihak, yang dituangkan dalam kontrak Joint Venture. Berdasarkan hasil kajian,
angka waktu yang ditentukan adalah selama 20 tahun dan dapat diperpanjang.
Dalam PP Nomor 20 Tahun 1994, penanaman modal asing diberikan izin usaha untuk
jagka waktu 30 tahun terhitung sejak perusahaan berproduksi komersial.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Penyelesaian Sengketa :</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hukum yang digunakan
dalam kontrak Joint Venture adalah hukum Indonesia. Sedangkan penyelesaian
sengketa yang tidak dapat diselesaikan oleh para pihak, maka harus tunduk pada
ketentuan International Chambers of Commerce (ICC).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;">2. Trust</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Trust
atau kepercayaan yaitu suatu kepercayaan dari atasan untuk bawahan atau
sebaliknya. Hubungan tersebut merupakan hal yang sangat penting agar kerjasama
dapat tercipta dengan efektif. Bentuk trust yang muncul sangat jelas terjadi
ketika atasan dan bawahan saling mengenal Knowledge Based Trust atau
pengetahuan berdasarkan kepercayaan , namun baik di awal hubungan mereka ketika
mereka masih menjadi stranger atau orang asing.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. Holding company</span></div>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Perusahaan induk atau Holding Company adalah
perusahaan utama yang membawahi beberapa perusahaan yang tergabung ke dalam
satu grup perusahaan. Melalui pengelompokan perusahaan ke dalam induk
perusahaan, bertujuan untuk meningkatkan atau menciptakan nilai pasar
perusahaan (market value creation).</span></div>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4. Kartel</span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">Kartel adalah bentuk kerjasama
perusahaan-perusahaan dengan produksi barang dan jasa sejenis yang didasarkan
perjanjian bersama untuk mengurangi persaingan.</span></div>
<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5. Concern</span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">Concern adalah suatu bentuk penggabungan yang
dilakukan baik secara horisontal maupun vertikal dari sekumpulan perusahaan
Holding. Concern dapat muncul sebagai akibat dari satu perusahaan yang
melakukan perluasan usaha secara horisontal ataupun vertikal melalui pendirian
perusahaan baru. Dengan concern, penarikan dana untuk anak perusahaan
dapat dilakukan melalui induk perusahaan yang kedudukannya di pasar modal lebih
kuat dibandingkan bila anak perusahaan beroperasi sendiri-sendiri di pasar
modal.</span></div>
<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6.Akuisisi</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cara
Pengembangan perusahaan yang sudah ada, atau menyelamatkan perusahaan yang
sedang mengalami kesulitan dana. Akuisisi dapat diartikan sebgai tindakan
pengambilalihan <i>(take over) </i>kepemilikan suatu perusahaan
melalui saham perusahaan tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">7.
Consolidation </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cara
Penggabungan beberapa perusahaan yang semula berdiri sendiri menjadi satu badan
usaha. Consolidatin tidak sama dengan holding company. Jika holding Company
hanya memiliki saham dari beberapa badan usaha</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Consolidation
mengharuskan semua aktiva dan utang badan usaha yang bergabung menjadi aktiva
dan utang badan usaha baru.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">8. Trade Association</span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">yaitu persekutuan beberapa perusahaan dari suatu
cabang perusahaan yang sama dengan tujuan memajukan para anggotanya dan bukan
mencari laba.</span></div>
<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">9.
Merger</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merger</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah proses difusi atau penggabungan dua <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persero" title="Persero"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">perseroan</span></a> dengan
salah satu di antaranya tetap berdiri dengan nama perseroannya sementara yang
lain lenyap dengan segala nama dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harta" title="Harta"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kekayaannya</span></a> dimasukan
dalam perseroan yang tetap berdiri tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merger terbagi menjadi tiga, yaitu:</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 1.2pt 19.2pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merger horizontal</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, adalah merger yang dilakukan oleh usaha
sejenis (usahanya sama), misalnya merger antara dua perusahaan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti" title="Roti"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">roti</span></a>, perusahaan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepatu" title="Sepatu"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sepatu</span></a>.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 1.2pt 19.2pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merger vertikal</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, adalah merger yang terjadi antara perusahaan-perusahaan
yang saling berhubungan, misalnya dalam alur produksi yang berurutan.
Contohnya: perusahaan pemintalan benang merger dengan perusahaan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kain" title="Kain"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kain</span></a>, perusahaan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban" title="Ban"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ban</span></a> merger dengan
perusahaan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobil" title="Mobil"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mobil</span></a>.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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yang menghasilkan berbagai produk yang berbeda-beda dan tidak ada kaitannya,
misalnya perusahaan sepatu merger dengan perusahaan elektronik atau perusahaan
mobil merger dengan perusahaan makanan. Tujuan utama konglomerat ialah untuk
mencapai pertumbuhan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_usaha" title="Badan usaha"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">badan usaha</span></a> dengan cepat dan mendapatkan hasil yang lebih
baik. Caranya ialah dengan saling bertukar <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saham" title="Saham"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">saham</span></a> antara kedua
perusahaan yang disatukan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Fandria Rexa Buanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01981713111283589087noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4237845876481623968.post-3237080574442935252015-03-25T21:47:00.002-07:002015-03-25T21:47:59.026-07:00SISTEM EKSKRESI PADA INVERTEBRATA<div style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b>SISTEM
EKSKRESI PADA INVERTEBRATA</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">1. Sistem Ekskresi Porifera</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Ø Pada porifera, pengeluaran sisa metabolisma
berlangsung secara difusi, dari sel tubuh ke epidermislalu dari epidermis ke
lingkungan hidupnya yang berair.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Ø Porifera mempunyai sistem saluran air yang
berfungsi untuk memasukkan dan mengeluarkan air yang mengandung zat makanan,
oksigen, dan sisa metabolisme.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Ø Menurut Saluran airnya Porifera dibedakan
menjadi 3 tipe: Acson, Sicon dan Leucon</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Ø ( Rhagon )</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">1. Ascon</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Air
masuk melalui ostium menuju ke spongocoel dan kemudian keluar melalui oskulum.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2. Sicon</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Air
masuk melalui ostium menuju ke saluran radial, baru masuk ke spongocoel dan
keluar melalui oskulum</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">3. Leucon (Rhagon)</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Air
masuk melalui ostium menuju rongga-rongga bulat yang saling berhubungan,
kemudian menuju ke spongocoel dan keluar.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2. Sistem Ekskresi Coelentrata</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Ø Pada coelentrata pengambilan oksigen dan
pengeluaran karbon dioksida dilakukan oleh seluruh permukaan tubuhnya secara
difusi.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Ø Demikian pula pengeluaraan sisa-sisa
metabolisme dilakukan secara difusi melalui seluruh permukaan tubuh.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Ø Mulut berfungsi untuk menelan makanan dan
mengeluarkan sisa makanan karena coelentrata tidak memiliki anus.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">3. Sistem Ekskresi Platyhelminthes</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Ø Alat
ekskresi Platyhelminthes seperti pada Planaria berupa sel-sel berambut getar.
Karena rambut getar ini tampak seperti nyala api , maka sel-sel ini dinamakan
flame cell (sel api).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Ø
Cairan tubuh disaring di dalam flame cell dan zat-zat sisa diserap lalu
dikeluarkan dari tubuh melalui
lubang-lubang yang terdapat pada permukaan tubuh.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">4. Sistem Ekskresi Annelida</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Ø Alat
ekskresi cacing tanah adalah sepasang metanifridium berentuk tabung yang
terdapat disetiap
segmen tubuhnya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Ø
Ujung yang terdapat dalam segmen, terbuka dan berbentuk corong bersilia,
disebut nefrostom. Ujung lain lainnya yang bermuara ke luar tubuh disebut
nefridiofor.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Ø Pada
nefrostom terdapat gulungan tubulus (tabung) dan bagian yang menggelembung à
Nefridiofor dilewati
materi-materi yang dikeluarkan oleh bagian yang menggelembung dari nefrostom
tersebut à Gulungan tubulus
nefrostom diselubungi pembuluh-pembuluh darah yang membentuk jaringan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Materi-materi
keluar dari cairan tubuh anterior menuju nefridium lewat nefrostom yang terbuka
(Akan tetapi, beberapa materi penting (air dan makanan) diikat langsung oleh
sel-sel pada gulungan tubulus dan menembus pembuluh darah di sekitar tubulus
yang kemudian disirkulasikan lagi) à Saat cairan bergerak di sepanjang tubulus
à Garam-garam yang keluar dari tubulus ini diabsorpsi oleh darah dalam kapiler
pembuluh darah yang menyelubungi tubulus à Urin yang dikeluarkan oleh cacing tanah
berbentuk cair dan mencapai 60% dari berat tubuh.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">5. Sistem Ekskresi Crustacea</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Ø Organ ekskresi yang dimiliki oleh Crustacea
berupa kelenjar antenna atau kelenjar maksilla. Hasil buangannya berupa ammonia
dan sedikit urea serta asam urat selai itu terdapat banyak amina.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Ø Organ ekskresi Crustacea terdiri atas sebuah
kantong ujung dan saluran ekskresi yang berhubungan dengan bladder.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Ø Kelenjar antenna dan kelenjar maksilla juga
menjadi saluran pembuangan sisa metabolisme, walaupun bukan sebagai saluran
utama.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Ø Pada Crustacea insang memegang peranan
penting dalam menjaga keseimbangan kadar
garam dalam tubuh. Insang secara aktif mengarbsorbsi garam-garam dari
lingkungannya. Pada sumbu insang biasanya terdapat Mephrocyte atau sel yang
mampu mengambil dan mengumpulkan partikel buangan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">6. Sistem Ekskresi Pada Serangga</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Ø Pembuluh Malpighi terletak di antara usus
tengah dan usus belakang. Darah mengalir lewat pembuluh Malpighi à Saat cairan
bergerak lewat bagian proksimal pembuluh Malpighi, bahan yang mengandung
nitrogen diendapkan sebagai asam urat, sedangkan air dan berbagai garam diserap
kembali secara osmosis dan transpor aktif à Asam urat dan sisa air masuk ke
usus halus dan sisa air akan diserap lagi à Kristal asam urat dapat
diekskresikan lewat anus bersama dengan feses. à Sebagian zat sisa yang
mengandung nitrogen digunakan untuk membentuk kitin pada eksoskeleton dan dapat
diekskresikan pada waktu pengelupasan kulit (molting).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">7. Sistem Ekskresi Myriapoda</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Ø Sistem EksresiAlat eksresi berupa pembuluh
Malpighi yang mengelilingi usus.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Ø Pembuluh Malpighi berupa serabut-serabut
halus, terkadang berwarna putih atau kekuningan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Ø Organ ekskresi berupa dua pasang pembuluh
Malpighi yang bertugas mengeluarkan cairan yang mengandung unsur Nitrogen (N).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">8. Sistem Ekskresi Chelierata</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Ø Semua Chelierata akan mngeluarkan Limbah
makanan melalui anus, untuk Xiphosura terletak disisi ventral didepan telson
(ekor), pada Pycnogonida anus terletak di bagian punggung dan Arachnida anus
terletak di bagian belakang perut.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">9. Sistem Ekskresi Pada Protozoa</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Ø Protozoa tidak memiliki organ pengeluaran
khusus sehingga zat sisa metabolismenya dikeluarkan melalui rongga berdenyut
(vakuola kontraktil) atau melalui kulit secara difusi dan osmosis.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">10. Sistem Eksresi Nemathelmintes</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Ø Sistem ekskresi pada Nemathelminthes sendiri
dilakukan melalui nefridium, yaitu tipe yang umum dari struktur ekskresi khusus
pada invertebrata.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></div>
Fandria Rexa Buanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01981713111283589087noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4237845876481623968.post-12833195451318788942014-11-17T17:12:00.002-08:002014-11-17T17:12:24.259-08:00Perbedaan antara subjek pajak dengan wajib pajak : <br />
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<a href="http://muhammadmahsyar.blogspot.com/2011/03/perbedaan-antara-subjek-pajak-dengan.html" style="color: #ffaa00; text-decoration: none;">Perbedaan antara subjek pajak dengan wajib pajak :</a></h3>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"> Wajib Pajak :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"> Subjek Pajak :</span></div>
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<li style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-bottom: 0.25em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Istilah dalam peraturan perundang-undangan perpajakan untuk perorangan (pribadi) atau organisasi (kelompok) berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan perpajakan yang berlaku. Seseorang atau suatu badan merupakan subjek pajak, tapi bukan berarti orang atau badan itu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">punya kewajiban pajak. Kalau dalam peraturan perundang-undangan perpajakan tertentu seseorang atau suatu badan dianggap subjek pajak dan mempunyai atau memperoleh objek pajak, maka orang atau badan itu jadi punya kewajiban pajak dan disebut wajib pajak</span></li>
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Fandria Rexa Buanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01981713111283589087noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4237845876481623968.post-28411085620376718642014-11-17T17:10:00.000-08:002014-11-17T17:10:41.701-08:00BIOGRAFI DAHLAN ISKAN : Dahlan Iskan , Anak Miskin yang Sukses dengan Kerja Kerashey all, kali ini ane mau berbagi tentang biografi salah satu orang terbaik di indonesia bapak Dahlan Iskan<br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 115%;">Dahlan Iskan , Anak Miskin yang Sukses dengan Kerja Keras<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Dahlan Iskan, ia lahir di Desa
Kebun Dalam Tegalarum,Kecamatan Bando, Magetan, Jawa Timur pada tahun 1951. Ia
sebenarnya lupa tepatnya pada tanggal berapa ia lahir namun karena itu di
butuhkan maka ia memilih tanggal 17 Agustus 1945 agar mudah diingat. Dahlan
lahir dari rahim seorang ibu yang bernama Lisnah dan ayah yang bernama Mohammad
Iskan. Dahlan memiliki dua orang kakak bernama Khosyatun dan Sofwati dan
seorang adik bernama Zainudin. Keluarga ini adalah keluarga yang sangat miskin
sekali, mereka terbiasa hidup dalam hidup yang sangat sederhana.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%;">
Pada saat itu Dahlan Iskan hanya memiliki baju satu stel yaitu kaos dan celana
serta satu sarung.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;"> Dahlan atau
yang kerap di sapa dahlan,iskan, dan abah ini bersekolah di MI lalu melanjutkan
di MTs yang berjarak cukup jauh dari rumahnya,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;"> suatu hari, karena sangat ingin memiliki
sepatu, Dahlan membongkar lemari ayahnya guna mencari siapa tahu ayahnya
menyimpan sejumlah uang disana. Ia juga pernah mendapatkan nilai merah di
raport-nya. Ketika ia telah berhasil memiliki sepatu, ia tetap ‘nyeker’
berjalan ke sekolah dan sepatunya ia ‘tenteng’ agar tetap awet dan tidak rusak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%;">. Ia melanjutkan ke
jenjang MA yang kemudian ia berkuliah di fakultas Hukum IAIN Sunan Ampel,
Universitas 17 Agustus. Pada saat itu ia lebih suka mengikuti kegiatan
kemahasiswaan seperti </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Pelajar Islam Indonesia dan menulis majalah
mahasiswa dan koran mahasiswa ketimbang mengikuti kuliah. Karena keasyikannya
itu ia jadi tidak meneruskan kuliahnya.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Kemudian Dahlan Iskan
hijrah ke Samarinda, Kalimantan Timur, disana ia numpang di rumah kakak
tertuanya. Disana ia menjadi reporter sebuah surat kabar lokal. Tulisan Dahlan
banyak yang meminatinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Pada tahun 1975, Dahlan Iskan yang ketika itu
berusia 25 tahun menikahi Nafsiah Sabri yang berumur 22 tahun. Nafsiah Sabri
adalah wanita yang dipilih Dahlan untuk menjadi istri dan ibu bagi
anak-anaknya. Nafsiah adalah wanita yang sholehah, pengertian, sabar, humoris,
ceria dan mandiri. Hal itulah yang membuat Dahlan jatuh hati padanya. Awal
pertemuan mereka adalah saat sama-sama mengisi ceramah agama di sebuah radio di
semarang. Saat itu Dahlan belum menyatakan isi hatinya. Ia hanya berani
menawarkan boncengan sepeda angin untuk Nafsiah saat akan berangkat siaran
radio. Dari pernikahan Dahlan Iskan dan Nafsiah Sabri, mereka telah dikaruniai
dua orang anak yaitu Azrul Ananda dan Isna Fitriana. Walau hidup mereka saat
itu serba kekurangan namun Nafsiah tetap setia dan mencintai Dahlan. Mulai dari
Dahlanhanya seorang reporter lepas sampai saat Dahlan menjadi menteri BUMN,
Nafsiah selalu menemaninya bahkan saat Dahlan ditransplatasi hati, Nafsiah
jugalah yang mempersiapkan segala kebutuhannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Pada Tahun 1976, Dahlan
kembali ke Surabaya dan bekerja sebagai wartawan majalah Tempo. Saat itu
terjadi musibah yang bersejarah yaitu tenggelamnya kapal Tampomas. Dahlan
menulis tentang musibah tersebut dengan sepenuh hati dan meletakkannya di
Headline News Tempo. Tak disangka hasilnya sangat luar biasa, dari respon pembaca
banyak yang menyukai gaya Dahlan menulis. Hal inilah yang membuat
pimpinan Tempo mengangkat Dahlan sebagai kepala biro Tempo Jatim.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Walau sudah bekerja dan
menulis untuk Tempo, diam-diam Dahlan juga menulis untuk koran lain seperti
Surabaya Post dan surat kabar mingguan seperti Ekonomi Indonesia sebagai
tambahan penghasilan. Hal ini diketahui oleh pimpinan Tempo dan menegur Dahlan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> Sejak
itu Dahlan Iskan pernah menempati beberapa posisi yakni ada tahun 2002, ia
mendirikan stasiun televisi lokal</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.jtv.co.id/" target="_blank"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;">JTV</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">di Surabaya,
yang kemudian diikuti<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batam_TV" target="_blank"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;">Batam TV</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">di Batam dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau_TV" target="_blank"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;">Riau TV</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">di Pekanbaru</span><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"> dan televise
local lainnya berjumlah 34 di seluruh indonesia</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Sejak awal 2009, Dahlan adalah sebagai Komisaris PT.
Fangbian Iskan Corporindo (FIC) yang membangun Sambungan Komunikasi Kabel Laut
(SKKL). SKKL ini akan menghubungkan Surabaya di Indonesia dan Hong Kong. Dengan
panjang serat optik 4.300 kilometer, <span class="apple-style-span">CEO surat
kabar</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.jawapos.co.id/group/" target="_blank"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;">Jawa
Pos</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">dan</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.jawapos.co.id/group/" target="_blank"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;">Jawa
Pos News Network</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">,
yang bermarkas di Surabaya setelah sebelumnya menjadi dirktur tahun 1982. Ia
juga adalah Direktur Utama</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLN" title="PLN"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;">PLN</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;"> sejak 23 Desember 2009. Pada tanggal 19
Oktober 2011, berkaitan dengan reshuffle</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabinet_Indonesia_Bersatu_II" title="Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu II"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;">Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu II</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">, Dahlan Iskan diangkat sebagai</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_Menteri_Badan_Usaha_Milik_Negara_Indonesia" title="Daftar Menteri Badan Usaha Milik Negara Indonesia"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;">Menteri Negara Badan Usaha Milik Negara</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;"> menggantikan</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Abubakar" title="Mustafa Abubakar"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;">Mustafa Abubakar</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">yang sedang sakit.</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="apple-style-span">Dahlan
membuat beberapa gebrakan diantaranya bebas byar pet se Indonesia dalam waktu 6
bulan,</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://dahlaniskan.wordpress.com/2010/10/26/sehari-satu-juta-sambungan-untuk-apa/" target="_blank"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;">gerakan sehari sejuta sambungan</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">. Dahlan juga berencana membangun PLTS di 100
pulau pada tahun 2011. Sebelumnya, tahun 2010 PLN telah berhasil membangun PLTS
di 5 pulau di Indonesia bagian Timur yaitu Pulau Banda, Bunaken Manado, Derawan
Kalimantan Timur, Wakatobi Sulawesi Tenggara, dan Citrawangan. Selain sebagai
pemimpin Grup Jawa Pos, Dahlan juga merupakan presiden direktur dari dua
perusahaan pembangkit listrik swasta: PT Cahaya Fajar Kaltim di Kalimantan
Timur dan PT Prima Electric Power di Surabaya. </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Ada beberapa fakta unik
Dahlan Iskan saat menjadi Dirut atau CEO PLN adalah yakni :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;"> Setiap
tanggal 17 di setiap bulan yang biasanya diisi upacara, diganti dengan diskusi
antar karyawan dan atasan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;"> Dahlan
Iskan juga membuat “CEO Note” sering juga disebut <i><u>CEO Note Dahlan
Iska n</u></i>ya itu catatan yang dapat menjembatani atasan dan bawahan. <i><u>CEO
Note Dahlan Iskan </u></i>ini selalu diakhiri dengan kata-kata motivasi untuk
lebih maju dan sukses,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;"> <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="apple-style-span">sedang Catatan Dahlan Iskan pada saat menjabat sebagai
Mentri BUMN dapat disimak di</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://dahlaniskan.wordpress.com/category/catatan-dahlan-iskan/manufacturing-hope/" target="_blank"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in;">Manufacturing Hope</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">) yang isinya adalah kegiatan dan pemikiran
bapak Dahlan Iskan selama menjadi menteri yang disimak oleh masyarakat yang
selalu di akhiri dengan motivasi.</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;"> Dahlan
Iskan lebih memilih mengendarai mobil pribadinya sendiri daripada memakai mobil
dinas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;"> Dahlan
Iskan tidak mengambil gajinya sebagai CEO PLN dan tidak menempati rumah dinas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">D</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">ibawah kepemimpinan Dahlan Iskan yang full visi dan memiliki etos kerja
yang tinggi, PLN memiliki banyak kemajuan.</span><span style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">Dahlan Iskan pun memprakarsai pembuatan mobil listrik dan menarik
kembali para ilmuwan Indonesia yang bekerja di luar negeri untuk mencurahkan
hasil penelitiannya untuk Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 12.5pt;">Dahlan Iskan adalah sosok luar biasa, membangun segalanya dari bawah. Ia
sosok yang jujur,sederhana dan penuh kerja keras. Ia mempengaruhi semua orang
dengan motivasinya tentang kehidupan dan semangat kerja kerasnya. Banyak
kemajuan yang terjadi selama ia menjadi direktur PLN dan menteri BUMN. Ia
memang sosok yang luar biasa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.45in;" valign="top" width="139">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Nama Lengkap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 5.2in;" valign="top" width="499">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Dahlan Iskan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.45in;" valign="top" width="139">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Nama Panggilan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 5.2in;" valign="top" width="499">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Dahlan, Iskan, Abah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.45in;" valign="top" width="139">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Tempat & Tanggal Lahir<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 5.2in;" valign="top" width="499">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">17 Agustus 1951. Desa Kebun Dalam
Tegalarum,Kecamatan Bando, Magetan, Jawa Timur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.45in;" valign="top" width="139">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Nama Istri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 5.2in;" valign="top" width="499">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Nafsiah Sabri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Nama Anak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 5.2in;" valign="top" width="499">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Azrul Ananda, Isna Fitriana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.45in;" valign="top" width="139">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 5.2in;" valign="top" width="499">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Keluarga Miskin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Kendala Ketika Kekanakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Kemiskinan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Riwayat Pendidikan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">MI, MTs, MA, fakultas Hukum IAIN Sunan
Ampel, Universitas 17 Agustus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Karir<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Direktur Jawa Pos (1982-sekarang) ,
Direktur PLN (tahun 2009 sampai 2011)
, Menteri Badan Usaha Milik Negara ( 2011-2014), </span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;">Presiden Komisaris Fangbian Iskan Corporindo (2009-sekarang)</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Mengubah
omset Jawa Pos menjadi dua puluh kali
lipat menjadi 10,6 miliar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Jawa Pos News Network yang memimpin 190 surat kabar, tabloid, majalah, dan 40
percetakan di seluruh Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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pencakar langit tahun 1997 di Surabaya dan jakarta dengan nama graha pena
sebagai pusat aktivitas JPNN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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stasiun televise local di seluruh kota di Indonesia sebanyak 34 stasiun
televise local.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Sambungan Komunikasi Kabel Laut (SKKL).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Fandria Rexa Buanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01981713111283589087noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4237845876481623968.post-19222293183520174272014-09-29T17:58:00.002-07:002014-09-29T17:58:34.920-07:00Cara Penghitungan PPh Pasal 21 Terbaru <br />
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<article about="/content/article/cara-penghitungan-pph-pasal-21-terbaru" class="article article-type-article article-lang-id odd article-full clearfix" id="article-5378" role="article" style="margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document"><div class="article-content" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px;">
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Seperti yang telah kita ketahui, mulai bulan Januari 2013, Penghasilan Tidak Kena Pajak (PTKP) telah berubah. Sekarang untuk Wajib Pajak yang berstatus tidak kawin dan tidak mempunyai tanggungan jumlah PTKP-nya sebesar Rp 24.300.000,00 atau setara dengan Rp 2.025.000,00 per bulan. Dengan adanya perubahan itu, tatacara penghitungan PPh Pasal 21 juga mengalami perubahan. Perubahan itu diatur dalam Peraturan Direktur Jenderal Pajak Nomor Per-31/PJ/2012 tentang Pedoman Teknis Tata Cara Pemotongan, Penyetoran dan Pelaporan Pajak Penghasilan Pasal 21 dan/atau Pajak Penghasilan Pasal 26 Sehubungan dengan Pekerjaan, Jasa, dan Kegiatan Orang Pribadi.</div>
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Dalam aturan baru tersebut, yang berkewajiban melakukan Pemotongan PPh Pasal 21 dan/atau PPh Pasal 26 adalah pemberi kerja, bendahara atau pemegang kas pemerintah, yang membayarkan gaji, upah dan sejenisnya dalam bentuk apapun sepanjang berkaitan dengan pekerjaan atau jabatan, jasa, dan kegiatan; dana pensiun, badan penyelenggara jaminan sosial tenaga kerja, dan badan-badan lain yang membayar uang pensiun secara berkala dan tunjangan hari tua atau jaminan hari tua; orang pribadi yang melakukan kegiatan usaha atau pekerjaan bebas serta badan yang membayar honorarium, komisi atau pembayaran lain dengan kondisi tertentu dan penyelenggara kegiatan, termasuk badan pemerintah, organisasi yang bersifat nasional dan internasional, perkumpulan, orang pribadi serta lembaga lainnya yang menyelenggarakan kegiatan, yang membayar honorarium, hadiah, atau penghargaan dalam bentuk apapun kepada Wajib Pajak orang pribadi berkenaan dengan suatu kegiatan.</div>
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Penghitungan PPh Pasal 21 menurut aturan yang baru tersebut, dibedakan menjadi 6 macam, yaitu : PPh Pasal 21 untuk Pegawai tetap dan penerima pensiun berkala; PPh pasal 21 untuk pegawai tidak tetap atau tenaga kerja lepas; PPh pasal 21 bagi anggota dewan pengawas atau dewan komisaris yang tidak merangkap sebagai pegawai tetap, penerima imbalan lain yang bersifat tidak teratur, dan peserta program pensiun yang masih berstatus sebagai pegawai yang menarik dana pensiun. Di kesempatan ini akan dipaparkan tentang contoh perhitungan PPh pasal 21 untuk Pegawai Tetap dan Penerima Pensiun Berkala.</div>
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Penghitungan PPh Pasal 21 untuk pegawai tetap dan penerima pensiun berkala dibedakan menjadi 2 (dua): Penghitungan PPh Pasal 21 masa atau bulanan yang rutin dilakukan setiap bulan dan Penghitungan kembali yang dilakukan setiap masa pajak Desember (atau masa pajak dimana pegawai berhenti bekerja).</div>
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Berikut disampaikan contoh sebagai mana tercantum dalam peraturan tersebut.<br />Budi Karyanto pegawai pada perusahaan PT Candra Kirana, menikah tanpa anak, memperoleh gaji sebulan Rp3.000.000,00. PT Candra Kirana mengikuti program Jamsostek, premi Jaminan Kecelakaan Kerja dan premi Jaminan Kematian dibayar oleh pemberi kerja dengan jumlah masing-masing 0,50% dan 0,30% dari gaji. PT Candra Kirana menanggung iuran Jaminan Hari Tua setiap bulan sebesar 3,70% dari gaji sedangkan Budi Karyanto membayar iuran Jaminan Hari Tua sebesar 2,00% dari gaji setiap bulan. Disamping itu PT Candra Kirana juga mengikuti program pensiun untuk pegawainya. PT Candra Kirana membayar iuran pensiun untuk Budi Karyanto ke dana pensiun, yang pendiriannya telah disahkan oleh Menteri Keuangan, setiap bulan sebesar Rp100.000,00, sedangkan Budi Karyanto membayar iuran pensiun sebesar Rp50.000,00. Pada bulan Juli 2013 Budi Karyanto hanya menerima pembayaran berupa gaji. Penghitungan PPh Pasal 21 bulan Juli 2013 adalah sebagai berikut:</div>
<table class="views-table cols-2" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 1em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 640px;"><tbody style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<tr class="odd views-row-first" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #eaeeee; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0.6em; padding-top: 0.1em;"><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">Gaji</td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td><td class="rteright" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">3.000.000,00</td></tr>
<tr class="even" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0.6em; padding-top: 0.1em;"><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">Premi Jaminan Kecelakaan Kerja </td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td><td class="rteright" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">15.000,00</td></tr>
<tr class="odd" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #eaeeee; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0.6em; padding-top: 0.1em;"><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">Premi Jaminan Kematian</td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td><td class="rteright" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">9.000,00</td></tr>
<tr class="even" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0.6em; padding-top: 0.1em;"><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">Penghasilan bruto</td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td><td class="rteright" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">3.024.000,00</td></tr>
<tr class="odd" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #eaeeee; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0.6em; padding-top: 0.1em;"><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">Pengurangan</td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td></tr>
<tr class="even" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0.6em; padding-top: 0.1em;"><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">1. Biaya jabatan</td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td></tr>
<tr class="odd" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #eaeeee; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0.6em; padding-top: 0.1em;"><td class="rtecenter" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">5%x3.024.000,00</td><td class="rteright" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">151.200,00</td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td></tr>
<tr class="even" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0.6em; padding-top: 0.1em;"><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">2. Iuran Pensiun</td><td class="rteright" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">50.000,00</td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td></tr>
<tr class="odd" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #eaeeee; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0.6em; padding-top: 0.1em;"><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">3. Iuran Jaminan Hari Tua</td><td class="rteright" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">60.000,00</span></td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td></tr>
<tr class="even" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0.6em; padding-top: 0.1em;"><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td><td class="rteright" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">261.200,00</span></td></tr>
<tr class="odd" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #eaeeee; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0.6em; padding-top: 0.1em;"><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">Penghasilan neto sebulan</td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td><td class="rteright" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">2.762.800,00</td></tr>
<tr class="even" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0.6em; padding-top: 0.1em;"><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">Penghasilan neto setahun</td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td><td class="rteright" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td></tr>
<tr class="odd" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #eaeeee; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0.6em; padding-top: 0.1em;"><td class="rtecenter" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">12x2.762.800,00</td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td><td class="rteright" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">33.153.600,00</td></tr>
<tr class="even" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0.6em; padding-top: 0.1em;"><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">PTKP</td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td></tr>
<tr class="odd" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #eaeeee; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0.6em; padding-top: 0.1em;"><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">- untuk WP sendiri</td><td class="rteright" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">24.300.000,00</td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td></tr>
<tr class="even" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0.6em; padding-top: 0.1em;"><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">- tambahan WP kawin</td><td class="rteright" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">2.025.000,00</span></td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td></tr>
<tr class="odd" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #eaeeee; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0.6em; padding-top: 0.1em;"><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td><td class="rteright" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">26.325.000,00</span></td></tr>
<tr class="even" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0.6em; padding-top: 0.1em;"><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">Penghasilan Kena Pajak setahun</td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td><td class="rteright" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">6.828.600,00</td></tr>
<tr class="odd" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #eaeeee; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0.6em; padding-top: 0.1em;"><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">Pembulatan</td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td><td class="rteright" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">6.828.000,00</td></tr>
<tr class="even" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0.6em; padding-top: 0.1em;"><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">PPh terutang</td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td></tr>
<tr class="odd" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #eaeeee; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0.6em; padding-top: 0.1em;"><td class="rtecenter" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">5%x6.828.000,00</td><td class="rteright" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">341.400,00</td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td></tr>
<tr class="even" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0.6em; padding-top: 0.1em;"><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">PPh Pasal 21 bulan Juli</td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td><td style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td></tr>
<tr class="odd" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #eaeeee; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0.6em; padding-right: 0.6em; padding-top: 0.1em;"><td class="rtecenter" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">341.400,00 : 12</td><td class="rteright" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"> </td><td class="rteright" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.375em; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;">28.452,00</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-top: 0.4em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Catatan:</div>
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Biaya Jabatan adalah biaya untuk mendapatkan, menagih dan memelihara penghasilan yang dapat dikurangkan dari penghasilan setiap orang yang bekerja sebagai pegawai tetap tanpa memandang mempunyai jabatan ataupun tidak.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Contoh di atas berlaku apabila pegawai yang bersangkutan sudah memiliki NPWP. Dalam hal pegawai yang bersangkutan belum memiliki NPWP, maka jumlah PPh Pasal 21 yang harus dipotong pada bulan Juli adalah sebesar: 120% x Rp28.452,00=Rp 34.140,00</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</article></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Fandria Rexa Buanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01981713111283589087noreply@blogger.com0